A Database of Woody Vegetation Responses to Elevated Atmospheric CO₂ (NDP-072)

DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/vrc.ndp072

Contributed by
Peter S. Curtis
Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio

Prepared by Robert M. Cushman and Antoinette L. Brenkert
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
Environmental Sciences Division
Publication No. 4888
Date Published: September 1999

Prepared for the
Environmental Sciences Division
Office of Biological and Environmental Research
Budget Activity Number KP 12 04 01 0

Prepared by the
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6290
managed by
LOCKHEED MARTIN ENERGY RESEARCH CORP.
for the
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
under contract DE-AC05-96OR22464

1. Background Information
2. Applications of the Data
3. Data Limitations and Restrictions
4. Data Checks and Processing Performed by CDIAC
5. Instructions for Obtaining the Data and Documentation
6. References
7. Listing of Files Provided
8. Description of the Documentation File
9. Description, Format, and Partial Listings of the ASCII Data Files
10. Description aAnd Format of the Lotus 1-2-3 Binary Spreadsheet Files
11. SAS and Fortran Codes to Access the Data
Appendix A: Species Included in Database
Appendix B: Full Listing of Refs.Dat
Appendix C: Full Listing of Comments.Dat

Abstract

Curtis, P. S., R. M. Cushman, and A. L. Brenkert. 1999. A Database of Woody Vegetation Responses to Elevated Atmospheric CO₂. ORNL/CDIAC-120, NDP-072. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. doi: 10.3334/CDIAC/vrc.ndp072

To perform a statistically rigorous meta-analysis of research results on the response by woody vegetation to increased atmospheric CO₂ levels, a multiparameter database of responses was compiled. Eighty-four independent CO₂-enrichment studies, covering 65 species and 35 response parameters, met the necessary criteria for inclusion in the database: reporting mean response, sample size, and variance of the response (either as standard deviation or standard error). Data were retrieved from the published literature and unpublished reports.

This numeric data package contains a 29-field data set of CO₂-exposure experiment responses by woody plants (as both a flat ASCII file and a spreadsheet file), files listing the references to the CO₂-exposure experiments and specific comments relevant to the data in the data set, and this documentation file (which includes SAS and Fortran codes to read the ASCII data file; SAS is a registered trademark of the SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina 27511).

NDP-072 is an enhancement of previously published CDIAC DB-1018, with additional quality control and documentation (and some corrections to the data, detailed herein).

1. Background Information

To perform a statistically rigorous synthesis of research results on the response by vegetation to increased atmospheric CO₂ levels, a multiparameter database of woody-plant responses was compiled (Curtis 1996; Curtis and Wang 1998, available directly from Springer-Verlag as an abstract or complete article). Eighty-four independent CO₂-enrichment studies, covering 65 species (listed in Appendix A) and 35 response parameters, met the necessary criteria for inclusion in the database: reporting mean response, sample size, and variance of the response (either as standard deviation or standard error). Data were retrieved from the published literature and in a few instances from unpublished reports. Meta-analytical methods (Cooper and Hedges 1994; Gurevitch and Hedges 1993; Gurevitch et al. 1992) have been applied to part of this database (Curtis 1996; Curtis and Wang 1998).

Physiological "acclimation" or "downward regulation" of photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, dark respiration, and water-use efficiency of plants exposed to elevated CO₂ levels can be analyzed, keeping the following definitions in mind. "Acclimation" is in general defined as "diminishing enhancement of photosynthesis by elevated CO₂ with time" (Mousseau and Saugier 1992). "Downward regulation" can be defined as "the initial stimulation of enhanced photosynthesis and growth by atmospheric enrichment eroding with time" (Idso and Kimball 1992). The phenomenon is also called "downward acclimation" (Curtis and Teeri 1992): "following prolonged exposure to high CO₂, photosynthetic capacity measured at either elevated or ambient CO₂ partial pressure falls to below that of plants exposed only to ambient CO₂." When more than one elevated CO₂ treatment level was reported, only the elevated CO₂ level that was approximately twice the ambient level was included in the database. Only the longest lasting exposure experiment results on photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, dark respiration and water use efficiency are included, however, not multiple measurements over time from the same plant. And only responses of plants measured at elevated levels of CO₂ are included for evaluation of acclimatory responses. Durations of experimental exposures are always reported.

2. Applications Of The Data

This database was produced to support a meta-analysis of the effects of elevated CO₂ on woody vegetation (Curtis 1996; Curtis and Wang 1998), and it was formatted accordingly. For other applications, the user should be aware that the data may be reported in more than one unit for a given variable (e.g., for dark respiration, the data are reported in units of mg/g/d, mmol/g/h, mmol/m²/h, μmol/g/s, and μmol/m²/s; and the experimental CO₂ concentrations are reported in units of cm³/m³, Pa, ppm, μbar, μl/l, and μmol/mol); this is not a problem for meta-analysis, but for other applications the user may need to convert the data to consistent units.

The effects of environmental factors (e.g., nutrient levels, light intensity, temperature), stress treatments (e.g., drought, heat, ozone, ultraviolet-B radiation), and the effects of experimental conditions (e.g., duration of CO₂ exposure, pot size, type of CO₂ exposure facility) on plant responses to elevated CO₂ levels can be explored with this database.

3. Data Limitations and Restrictions

In many papers, the data were reported graphically, rather than numerically. In such cases, the data values reported herein were digitized from the printed figures and may therefore be less accurate.

There might also have been some confusion because of the term "standard deviation." When a "standard deviation" was reported in a published paper, it was not generally possible to verify whether this value was a sample standard deviation or the standard deviation of the mean, which is sometimes used synonymously with standard error (i.e., standard error of the mean). Unfortunately, it was not possible to settle this issue definitively without personally contacting the authors of the published papers. In all cases, where not specified or known to be otherwise, a reported standard deviation was taken to be the sample standard deviation. If this was in error, then the standard deviation, standard error, and coefficient of variation reported in this database would all be incorrect.

In some cases an error bar in a figure or confidence interval in a table was not specified as standard deviation or standard error, in which case the data contributors had to make an assumption from the error bar or confidence interval and the sample size. Instances where data were obtained by personal communication with the authors, or where standard deviation or standard error was inferred from the published data, are documented in the comments.* files (included as Appendix C). Where it was not possible to determine whether the reported variability was standard deviation or standard error, it was assumed to be standard error, for the sake of conservatism.

In some cases (e.g., in long-term exposures), duration of the CO₂ exposure was approximated.

As noted in Sect. 2, various units may be used for the same parameter, so the user should apply caution in integrating observations from more than one paper. The units are reported in this database.

4. Data Checks and Processing Performed by CDIAC

An important part of the data packaging process at CDIAC involves the quality assurance (QA) of data before distribution. To guarantee data of the highest possible quality, CDIAC performs extensive QA checks, examining the data for completeness, reasonableness, and accuracy, through close cooperation with the data contributor.

This database was originally published as CDIAC DB-1018, for which all entries in the data file were visually inspected for reasonableness and selected entries were spot- checked against the original publications. Additional quality-assurance and documentation was performed in the preparation of this numeric data package, and some data were corrected, as described herein.

The following describes the additional data checks that were performed in the preparation of this numeric data package and the resulting revisions to the database.

Using Excel, the spreadsheet included in the original database (db1018.xls) was converted to Lotus 1-2-3 format (ndp072.wk1). Headings were added to all columns. Lists of entries for each field were generated, to identify possible spelling variants, typographical errors, or order-of-magnitude errors in the original literature or in the compilation and data entry of the database. In fact, some variant spellings of GENUS, SPECIESP_UNIT were identified and corrected for the sake of consistency.

The definition of parameter LFTNC was corrected, from "leaf N (TNC free weight basis)" to "leaf total nonstructural carbohydrate."

The internal consistency of the reported standard errors (s.e.), standard deviations (s.d.), and sample sizes (n) was checked by calculating s.d. from the s.e. and n in DB-1018 and comparing the resulting values of s.d. with the values in DB-1018; discrepancies were resolved by checking the original publications.

The ratio of elev/amb for X, SE, SD, and N was calculated; then all observations were ranked on the basis of each ratio to identify suspect values.

The following lists the changes that were made to the original database.

SOURCE: In entire spreadsheet, edited format of letters following T or F number to entirely lowercase.
OBS 39 & 40 (PAP_NO 150): Corrected P_UNIT, from molH₂O/m²/s to mmolH₂O/m²/s.
OBS 142 (PAP_NO 340): Replaced existing value of SD_AMB (0.9798) with value calculated from SE_AMB & N_AMB (2.4495).OBS 143 & 151 (PAP_NO 340): Corrected P_UNIT, from 0.01 g/m² to 10² g/g.
OBS 150 (PAP_NO 340): Replaced existing value of SD_AMB (3.9192) with value calculated from SE_AMB & N_AMB (1.9596).
OBS 191 (PAP_NO 505): Corrected SOURCE, from F2b to F2c.
OBS 191 (PAP_NO 505): Replaced existing values of SD_AMB (5.134) and SD_ELEV (7.7972) with values calculated from SE & N (SD_AMB = 10.268 and SD_ELEV = 3.487).
OBS 192 (PAP_NO 505): Replaced existing values of SD_AMB (5.367), SD_ELEV (5.747), SE_AMB (2.4), SE_ELEV (2.57), N_AMB (20), and N_ELEV (20) with values provided by author: SD_AMB (5.484), SD_ELEV (4.406), SE_AMB (2.452), SE_ELEV (1.970), N_AMB (5), and N_ELEV (5).
OBS 195 (PAP_NO 505): Corrected P_UNIT, from mgdvvt/cm³ to mgdwt/cm³.
OBS 210 & 211 (PAP_NO 506): Corrected P_UNIT, from umol/H₂O/m²/s to mol/H₂O/m²/s.
OBS 364 & 365 (PAP_NO 746): Corrected SPECIES name from tulipfera to tulipifera.
OBS 598-599, 606-607, and 612-613 (PAP_NO 2110): Existing values for means, standard error, and standard deviation multiplied by 100, based on personal communication from author, to correct for error in the published paper (in converting from % to mg/g, data were divided by 10 rather than multiplied by 10). Personal correspondence with author also confirmed that variance values given parenthetically in Table 2 were standard deviations; the tabulated data were corrected accordingly.

To search for possible confusion between standard error and standard deviation (see Sect. 3, DATA LIMITATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS), coefficients of variation CV* (after Sokal and Rohlf 1981) were calculated for each PARAM from each mean, standard deviation, and sample size. It was expected that, for any PARAM, an anomalously low coefficient of variation for a given observation might signal that a standard error was mislabeled as a standard deviation; but no such anomalies were obvious. The database was sorted by PARAM, then by CV*_AMB and CV*_ELEV, and inspected for jumps of greater than fourfold between adjacent observations. The following lists those adjacent observations that warranted further scrutiny, along with the results of the checks:

PARAM = BD
OBS 396, PAP_NO 2004 (CV*_AMB = 35.5828): Contacted author and verified that "mean ± SD"actually referred to sample standard deviation rather than standard error of the mean.
OBS 758, PAP_NO 2224 (CV*_AMB = 623.5): Verified tabulated value against publication.
PARAM = BGWT
OBS 380, PAP_NO 2003 (CV*_AMB = 0) and OBS 378, PAP_NO 2003 (CV*_AMB = 2.3864): Verified tabulated values against publication.
PARAM = LFC
OBS 599, PAP_NO 2110 (CV*_AMB = 3.2753): Personal correspondence with author confirmed that variance values given parenthetically in Table 2 were standard deviations; the tabulated data were corrected accordingly.
OBS 490, PAP_NO 2043 (CV*_AMB = 16.6223): Verified tabulated value against publication.
PARAM = LFNM
OBS 414, PAP_NO 2027 (CV*_AMB = 0.4532) and OBS 251, PAP_NO 550 (CV*_AMB = 2.3447): Verified tabulated values against publication.
PARAM = PN
OBS 513, PAP_NO 2045 (CV*_AMB = -99.0208): Verified tabulated value against publication.
OBS 638, PAP_NO 2120 (CV*_AMB = 2.6460): Based on personal communication; did not verify.
PARAM = PN_AC
OBS 520, PAP_NO 2045 (CV*_AMB = -99.0208) and OBS 622, PAP_NO 2117 (CV*_AMB = 4.6109): Verified tabulated values against publication.
PARAM = RD_AC
OBS 589, PAP_NO 2068 (CV*_AMB = 96.7737) and OBS 162, PAP_NO 468 (CV*_AMB = 1073.9583): Verified tabulated values against publication.
PARAM = INDLA
OBS 18, PAP_NO 44 (CV*_ELEV = 10.1423) and OBS 17, PAP_NO 44 (CV*_ELEV = 43.9153): Verified tabulated values against publication.
PARAM = LFC
OBS 599, PAP_NO 2110 (CV*_ELEV = 1.9585): Personal correspondence with author confirmed that variance values given parenthetically in Table 2 were standard deviations; the tabulated data were corrected accordingly.
OBS 490, PAP_NO 2043 (CV*_ELEV = 13.8699): Corrected PARAM to LFTNC.
PARAM = LFSTAR
OBS 151, PAP_NO 340 (CV*_ELEV = 39.3519) and OBS 143, PAP_NO 340 (CV*_ELEV = 554.3478): Verified tabulated values against publication.
PARAM = LFTNC
OBS 416, PAP_NO 2027 (CV*_ELEV = 1.2777) and OBS 773, PAP_NO 2224 (CV*_ELEV = 7.7891): Verified tabulated values against publication.
PARAM = RD_AC
OBS 589, PAP_NO 2068 (CV*_ELEV = 11.2191) and OBS 588, PAP_NO 2068 (CV*_ELEV = 129.3295): Verified tabulated values against publication.
PARAM = RGR
OBS 759, PAP_NO 2224 (CV*_ELEV = 10.8333): Verified tabulated value against publication.
OBS 406 & 407, PAP_NO 2026 (CV*_ELEV = 78.1250): The value for X_ELEV was corrected, from 0.0052 to 0.052, thereby lowering the calculated CV*_ELEV to a less anomalous 7.8125.
OBS 192, PAP_NO 505 (CV*_ELEV = 105.7878): Tabulated data changed, as described earlier in this section, based on personal communication from author.
PARAM = TOTN
OBS 613, PAP_NO 2110 (CV*_ELEV = 39.0833) - Personal correspondence with author confirmed that variance values given parenthetically in Table 2 were standard deviations; the tabulated data were corrected accordingly.
OBS 243, PAP_NO 521 (CV*_ELEV = 177.7945) - Error bar not labeled as to SD or SE. Assumed by data contributor to be SE, based on size of the error bars and the sample size.

5. Instructions for Obtaining the Data and Documentation

Download the data from here.

6. References

Cooper, H., and L. V. Hedges. 1994. The Handbook of Research Synthesis. Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
Curtis, P. S. 1996. A meta-analysis of leaf gas exchange and nitrogen in trees grown under elevated carbon dioxide. Plant, Cell and Environment 19:127- 137.
Curtis, P. S., and J. A. Teeri. 1992. Seasonal responses of leaf gas exchange to elevated carbon dioxide in Populus grandidentata. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22:1320-1325.
Curtis, P. S., and X. Wang. 1998. A meta-analysis of elevated CO₂ effects on woody plant mass, form, and physiology. Oecologia 113:299-313 (available directly from Springer-Verlag as an abstract or complete article).
Gurevitch, J., and L. V. Hedges. 1993. Meta-analysis: Combining the results of independent experiments. Pp. 378-398. In S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch (eds.), Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments. Chapman and Hall, New York.
Gurevitch, J., L. L. Morrow, A. Wallace, and J. S. Walsch. 1992. A meta- analysis of competition in field experiments. American Naturalist 140:539-572.
Idso, S. B., and B. A. Kimball. 1992. Effects of atmospheric CO₂ enrichment on photosynthesis, respiration, and growth of sour orange trees. Plant Physiology 99:341-343.
Mousseau, M., and B. Saugier. 1992. The direct effect of increased CO₂ on gas exchange and growth of forest tree species. Journal of Experimental Botany 43:1121-1130.
Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
Strain, B. R., and J. D. Cure. 1994. Direct effects of atmospheric CO₂ enrichment on plants and ecosystems: An updated bibliographic data base. ORNL/CDIAC-70. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

7. Listing of Files Provided

The database consists of seven files (see Table 1), including this documentation file. The data file (ndp072.dat and ndp072.wk1), reference file (refs.dat and refs.wk1), and comment file (comments.dat and comments.wk1) are each formatted in two ways: as flat ASCII files and as binary spreadsheet files (in Lotus 1-2-3 format, but readable by other spreadsheet programs; Lotus 1-2-3 is a registered trademark of the Lotus Development Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142).

The 29-field ndp072.dat and ndp072.wk1 files contain data (784 observations in all) relevant for CO₂-exposure meta-analysis for woody plants. The ndp072.dat file can be read into SAS or Fortran programs, using the access codes provided in Sect. 11 of this numeric data package. The ndp072.dat file can also be converted into a spreadsheet file for processing, although it is simpler to use the ndp072.wk1 spreadsheet file provided in this numeric data package.

The refs.* files list the selected literature represented in the data files (84 references in all), and the comments.* files provide additional information about the studies, beyond what appears in the ndp072.* data files. The reference numbers in the refs.* and comments.* files correspond to the paper numbers in the ndp072.* data files.

8. Description of the Documentation File

ndp072.txt (File 1) - This file is an ASCII text equivalent to this document.

9. Description, Format, and Partial Listings of the ASCII Data Files

ndp072.dat (File 2)

Table 2 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file ndp072.dat distributed with this numeric data package. This table also defines each variable, specifies units, and indicates the column in the corresponding spreadsheet file ndp072.dat in which each variable is found.

First two data records:

  1  44PN    umolCO2/m2/s   ALNUS        RUBRA
WOODYN2FIX 350 650ul/l      46   0.5GC    SEED  FERT  HI
20mgN/l                 T3      11.7700   0.6400    1.4311
12.7668  5  23.2000    4.6100   10.3083  46.6539  5
  2  44PN    umolCO2/m2/s   ALNUS        RUBRA
WOODYN2FIX 350 650ul/l      46   0.5GC    SEED  FERT  CONTROL.
                  T3      11.7000   1.1600    2.5938   23.2777  5
25.9000    1.4800    3.3094  13.4165  5

Last two data records:

7832224TOTWT g              POPULUS      TREMULOIDES
WOODYANGIO 385 642ul/l      60     6GC    SEED  NONE  .      .
                  F1      69.7000   2.1000    3.6373    5.6534  3
102.6000    3.6000    6.2354   6.5838  3
7842224LFSTAR%              POPULUS      TREMULOIDES
WOODYANGIO 385 642ul/l      60     6GC    SEED  NONE  .      .
                  F2       2.7600   0.1900    0.3291   12.9176  3
 8.5300    0.9300    1.6108  20.4576  3

refs.dat (File 4) This ASCII file provides citations of papers included in the database. A full listing of the file is included as Appendix B.

comments.dat (File 6) This ASCII file provides experimental details from papers included in the database. A full listing of the file is included as Appendix C.

10. Description and Format of the Lotus 1-2-3 Binary Spreadsheet Files

Three Lotus 1-2-3 binary spreadsheet files (files 3, 5, and 7) contain the same information as the corresponding *.dat ASCII files 2, 4, and 6. ndp072.wk1 (File 3) This Lotus 1-2-3 binary spreadsheet file corresponds to ASCII file ndp072.dat (File 2). Table 2, which describes the contents and format of ndp072.dat, also indicates the column of ndp072.wk1 in which each variable is found. refs.wk1 (File 5) This Lotus 1-2-3 binary spreadsheet file corresponds to ASCII file refs.dat (File 4). comments.wk1 (File 7) This Lotus 1-2-3 binary spreadsheet file corresponds to ASCII file comments.dat (File 6).

11. SAS and Fortran Codes to Access the Data

The following is SAS code to read file ndp072.dat:

*SAS data retrieval routine to read ndp072.dat;

data ndp072;
infile 'ndp072.dat';
input OBSNO 1-3 @4 PAP_NO 4. @8 PARAM $char6. P_UNIT $ 14-28 GENUS $ 29-41
      SPECIES $ 42-66 DIV1 $ 67-71 DIV2 $ 72-76 AMB $ 77-80 ELEV $ 81-84
      CO2_UNIT $ 85-92 TIME 93-96 POT $ 97-102 METHOD $ 103-106
      STOCK $ 107-114 XTRT $ 115-120 LEVEL $ 121-127 QUANT $ 128-151
      SOURCE $ 152-157 X_AMB 158-167 SE_AMB 168-176 SD_AMB 177-186
      CV_AMB 187-195 N_AMB 196-198 X_ELEV 199-208 SE_ELEV 209-217
      SD_ELEV 218-227 CV_ELEV 228-236 N_ELEV 237-239 ;

* In the above INPUT statement, the variables CV*_AMB and CV*_ELEV have
  been renamed CV_AMB and CV_ELEV, respectively.;

run;

The following is Fortran code to read file ndp072.dat:

C *** Fortran program to read the file "ndp072.dat"
C
      INTEGER OBSNO, PAP_NO, N_AMB, N_ELEV, TIME
      DOUBLE PRECISION X_ELEV, SD_ELEV
      REAL X_AMB, SE_AMB, SD_AMB, CV_AMB, SE_ELEV, CV_ELEV
      CHARACTER PARAM*6, P_UNIT*15, GENUS*13, SPECIES*25, DIV1*5,
     + DIV2*5, AMB*4, ELEV*4, CO2_UNIT*8, POT*6, METHOD*4, STOCK*8,
     + XTRT*6, LEVEL*7, QUANT*24, SOURCE*6
C
      OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='NDP072.DAT')
C
C     Note that the variables CV*_AMB and CV*_ELEV have
C     been renamed CV_AMB and CV_ELEV, respectively
C
   10 READ (1,100,END=99) OBSNO, PAP_NO, PARAM, P_UNIT, GENUS, SPECIES,
     + DIV1, DIV2, AMB, ELEV, CO2_UNIT, TIME, POT, METHOD, STOCK, XTRT,
     + LEVEL, QUANT, SOURCE, X_AMB, SE_AMB,
     + SD_AMB,CV_AMB,N_AMB,X_ELEV,
     + SE_ELEV, SD_ELEV, CV_ELEV, N_ELEV
  100 FORMAT (I3,I4,A6,A15,A13,A25,2A5,2A4,A8,A4,A6,A4,A8,A6,A7,A24,
     + A6,F9.4,1X,F8.4,1X,2(F9.4,1X),I2,3(F9.4,1X),F8.4,1X,I2)
C
      GO TO 10
   99 CLOSE (UNIT=1)
      STOP
      END

Appendix A: Species Included in Database

Acacia mangium
Acer pensylvanicum
Acer pseudoplatanus
Acer rubrum
Acer saccharinum
Acer saccharum
Alnus glutinosa
Alnus rubra
Betula alleghaniensis
Betula lenta
Betula papyrifera
Betula pendula
Betula populifolia
Betula pubescens
Brachychiton populneum
Castanea sativa
Cecropia obtusifolia
Cedrus atlantica
Citrus aurantium
Citrus sinensis
Eucalyptus microtheca
Eucalyptus polyanthemus
Eucalyptus tetrodonta
Fagus grandifolia
Fagus sylvatica
Ficus obtusifolia
Fraxinus americana
Garcinia mangostana
Gliricidia sepium
Lindera Benzoin
Liquidambar styraciflua
Liriodendron tulipifera
Malus domestica
Maranthes corymbosa
Myriocarpa longipes
Nothofagus fusca
Picea abies
Picea glauca
Picea mariana
Pinus banksiana
Pinus echinata
Pinus eldarica
Pinus nigra
Pinus ponderosa
Pinus radiata
Pinus strobus
Pinus sylvestris
Pinus taeda
Piper auritum
Poncirus trifoliata x citrusparadisi
Poncirus trifoliata x citrussinensis
Populus euramericana
Populus grandidentata
Populus interamericana
Populus tremuloides
Populus x euramericana
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Quercus alba
Quercus prinus
Quercus robur
Quercus rubra
Senna multijuga
Tabebuia rosea
Trichospermum mexicanum

Appendix B: Full Listing of refs.dat

The number at the beginning of each entry corresponds to PAP_NO, the cited paper number, as defined in Sect. 9.

44   Arnone, J.A., III, and J.C. Gordon. 1990. Effect of Nodulation, Nitrogen
Fixation and CO2 Enrichment on the Physiology, Growth and Dry Mass Allocation
of Seedlings of Alnus rubra Bong. New Phytologist 116:55-66.

2186 Bassow, S.L., K.D.M. McConnaughay, and F.A. Bazzaz. 1994. The Response
of Temperate Tree Seedlings Grown in Elevated CO2 to Extreme Temperature
Events. Ecological Applications 4(3):593-603.

2223 Bazzaz, F.A., and S.L. Miao. 1993. Successional Status, Seed Size,and
Responses of Tree Seedlings to CO2, Light and Nutrients. Ecology
74(1):104-112.

2037 Bazzaz, F.A., S.L. Miao, and P.M. Wayne. 1993. CO2-induced Growth
Enhancements of Co-occurring Tree Species Decline at Different Rates.
Oecologia 96:478-482.

2217 Berryman, C.A., D. Eamus, and G.A. Duff. 1993. The Influence of CO2
Enrichment on Growth, Nutrient Content and Biomass Allocation of Maranthes
corymbosa. Australian Journal of Botany 41:195-209.

112  Brown, K.R. 1991. Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Accelerates the Decline in
Nutrient Status and Relative Growth Rate of Populus tremuloides Michx.
Seedlings. Tree Physiology 8:161-173.

121  Bunce, J.A. 1992. Stomatal Conductance, Photosynthesis and Respiration
of Temperate Deciduous Tree Seedlings Grown Outdoors at an Elevated
Concentration of Carbon Dioxide. Plant, Cell and Environment 15:541-549.

2026 Callaway, R.M., E.H. DeLucia, E.M. Thomas, and W.H. Schlesinger. 1994.
Compensatory Responses of CO2 Exchange and Biomass Allocation and their
Effects on the Relative Growth Rate of Ponderosa Pine in Different CO2 and
Temperature Regimes. Oecologia 98:159-166.

2043 Cipollini, M.L., B.G. Drake, and D. Whigham. 1993. Effects of
ElevatedCO2 on Growth and Carbon/Nutrient Balance in the Deciduous Woody Shrub
Lindera Benzoin (L.) Blume (Lauraceae). Oecologia 96:339-346.

150  Conroy, J.P., M. Kuppers, B. Kuppers, J. Virgona, and E.W.R. Barlow.
1988. The Influence of CO2 Enrichment, Phosphorus Deficiency and Water Stress
on the Growth, Conductance and Water Use of Pinus radiata D. Don. Plant, Cell
and Environment 11:91-98.

159  Couteaux, M.M., P. Bottner, H. Rouhier, and G. Billes. 1992. Atmospheric
CO2 Increase and Plant Material Quality: Production, Nitrogen Allocation and
Litter Decomposition of Sweet Chestnut. IN: Responses of Forest Ecosystems to
Environmental Changes (A. Teller, P. Mathy, and J.N.R. Jeffers, eds.),
Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp. 429-436.

168  Curtis, P.S., and J.A. Teeri. 1992. Seasonal Responses of Leaf Gas
Exchange to Elevated Carbon Dioxide in Populus grandidentata. Canadian Journal
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Appendix C: Full Listing of comments.dat