Index of /ftp/db1017
==============================================================================
DATABASE: DB1017 (2/1997)
TITLE: Northern Hemisphere Biome- and Process-Specific
Forest Areas and Gross Merchantable Volumes: 1890-1990
CONTRIBUTORS: A. N. D. Auclair, J. A. Bedford and C. Revenga
Science and Policy Associates, Inc.
1333 H Street NW, W400
Washington, D.C. USA
Email: scipol@access.digex.net
EDITED BY: A. L. Brenkert
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830-6335
Email: azt@ornl.gov
DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/lue.db1017
==============================================================================
This db1017.doc (README) file contains:
(I) Introduction
(II) Data Used for this Database, Geographic Regions and Biomes
(III) The Database
(IV) FORTRAN and SAS Codes to Access the Data
(V) Description of Data Checks Performed by CDIAC
(VI) Instructions for Obtaining the Files
(VII) References
==============================================================================
DOCUMENTATION
(I) Introduction
Database DB1017 consists of annual values (1890 through 1990) of the
areal extent (Ha) and gross merchantable (wood) volume (GMV in m3) of
depletion and accrual processes in Northern Hemisphere boreal and temperate
forests. The data files cover six geographic regions:
(1) Alaska,
(2) Canada,
(3) Europe,
(4) Former Soviet Union,
(5) Non-Soviet Temperate Asia, and
(6) the contiguous United States (48 states).
Forest depletions (source terms for atmospheric CO2) are identified
as forest pests, forest diebacks, forest fires, forest harvests, and
land-use changes. Forest accruals (sink terms for atmospheric CO2) are
identified as forest fire exclusion, forest fire suppression, and
afforestation/crop abandonment.
Both the areal extent (Ha) and GMV (m3) are listed as total area and
volume of the depletion or accrual processes, and are calculated
separately for each of the following biomes:
(a) forest tundra,
(b) boreal forest (boreal softwood),
(c) mixed wood (mixed hardwood),
(d) temperate softwoods, and
(e) temperate hardwoods.
The source terms for atmospheric CO2 due to land-use changes in
temperate woodland and shrubland are reported in separate files.
Percentages of lumber, pulp and fuelwood of GMV are provided for the
forest harvest files, and the land-use files. In addition, estimates of
accelerated tree growth rates are provided in separate files. Table 1
gives an overview of the files. Tables 4, 5, 6, and 7 provide a more
extensive description of the files.
______________________________________________________________________________
Table 1. List of the 69 files and the general naming convention.
______________________________________________________________________________
Under Forest Depletions (sources for atmospheric CO2) are listed:
Forest Pests 6 regional.pe files
Forest Dieback 6 regional.fd files
& 18 species-specific files
Forest Fire 6 regional.fi files
Forest Harvest 6 regional.ha files
Landuse: Forest Conversion to Cropland 5 regional.lu files
Temperate Woodland and Shrubland Conversion to Cropland 3 regionalws.lu files
Under Forest Accruals (sinks for atmospheric CO2) are listed:
Forest Fire Exclusion 4 regional.fe files
Forest Fire Suppression 6 regional.fs files
Afforestation and Cropland Abandonment 5 regional.ac files
Temperate Wood and Shrubland Afforestation 1 regionalws.ac files
No files are provided for Forest Regrowth no regional.re files
Under Accelerated Tree-Growth are listed:
Accelerated Tree-Growth 3 avi.* files
______________________________________________________________________________
The data files were generated by Auclair et al. (1994a, b, c, d, e)
under contract to the United States Environment Protection Agency (EPA),
Office of Environment Processes and Effect Research. The focus of the
Auclair et al. (1994a, b, c, d, e) effort was the calculation of carbon
fluxes within the temperate and boreal forests by using the data files as
input to a Carbon Flux model (Van Akkeren, 1994, Van Akkeren and Bedford,
1994). The EPA Carbon Flux bookkeeping model, converts area and volume
estimates from the various forest processes in the Northern Hemisphere to
carbon equivalents (Auclair et al., 1994d, e).
The purpose of this database is to make the information used in the
EPA Carbon Flux model available without charge. In addition, the Carbon
Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) is providing this
documentation. The data are accessible through the Internet and a variety
of media (e.g., floppy diskettes, 8-mm tape). The database consists of
69 data files, 9 graphics image format (gif) files, and this db1017.doc
file, and requires around 1.3 megabytes of disk storage.
================================================================================
(II) Data used for this Database, Geographic Regions and Biomes
Auclair et al. (1994e) used the following databases, in addition to
the literature, for generating the files:
1) National Forest Statistics of the U.S.D.A Forest Service and Forestry
Canada: Inventories are based on permanent sample plots stratified to
monitor forest changes on a continuous basis at 5-10 year intervals.
2) National Forestry Annual Data: a wide array of archived annual data
is available on specific forest depletions (pests, weather, dieback,
wildfire, harvesting, conversion to non-forest) and accruals (replanting
and regrowth, tree diameter, volume growth, conversion of non-forest to
forest).
3) Tree Growth Rate Data: a databank of 1600 tree growth chronologies
was obtained from NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center.
4) Forest harvesting data that are available from 1979 to 1990 from
UN/FAO reports (United Nations, 1992) for Eurasian data.
5) Land use (harvesting, forest conversion to cropland, afforestation,
cropland abandonment) estimates over the 1700-1980 period as reconstructed
by Houghton and Hackler (1994).
For the United States and Canada the national forestry databases of
the U.S.D.A. Forest Service and Forestry Canada were compiled for annual
total area and GMV of forest depletions in Alaska, Canada, and the
contiguous U.S.A. Records of natural depletions (pests, dieback, wildfire)
were consistent from 1950 to 1990 and often extended back to 1920.
Extrapolations back to periods prior to 1920, that is, 1890 for this
database, were based on the average of the first decade of available
statistics. Man-caused depletions (harvesting, forest conversion to
cropland) were estimated from both the national forest statistics and from
the literature. Houghton and Hackler's (1994) estimates of rates of
conversion of forest to cropland were used with some modifications (e.g.,
Canada's forest conversion to cropland was assumed to be 15% of the area
and volume of the total North American continent estimates). Accruals
(fire suppression, fire exclusion, regrowth, reforestation and
afforestation, accelerated tree growth) were estimated from the forest
statistics, published literature, and published dendrochronologies of tree
radial increments. Houghton and Hackler's (1994) estimates of annual
afforestation rates and cropland abandonment were used.
For the Eurasian data, there was no ready access to yearly century-
long trends on each depletion or accrual process (Auclair et al., 1994a,e).
The exceptions were forest harvesting from UN/FAO reports (United Nations,
1992) for the years 1979-1990 and land-use estimates (harvesting, forest
conversion to cropland, afforestation and cropland abandonment)
reconstructed by Houghton and Hackler (1994) for the period 1700-1980
(Auclair et al., 1994a, e). A combination of the UN/FAO harvest rates,
Houghton and Hackler's land-use estimates with some redefinitions of their
biome classes, and the biome redefinitions were used for GMV and areal
extent calculations of forest harvesting and changes in land-use. To
approximate the level of natural depletions (pests, dieback, wildfire) and
accruals (fire exclusion, fire suppression, accelerated tree growth)
"surrogate" biomes in North America were identified, providing the pattern
of the changes over time. These patterns were then extrapolated to the
Eurasian biomes (Auclair et al., 1994a, File 11). The extrapolation was
made in each case using the actual areas of the biomes in question.
Auclair et al. (1994a: Data File 11, in section: Expansion
Coefficients Dataset 3b) list the areas of the different biomes for each
region expressed in units of a million Ha. The initial estimates were
based on a pixel count of Olson et al.'s (1983) ecoregion distribution.
Because of differences of these estimates with estimates of total forest
areas of the regions and the biome area distributions in the United
Nations/FAO report and in published literature the initial estimates were
revised and are listed in Table 2.
______________________________________________________________________________
Table 2. Areal estimates for individual biomes in each of the geographic
regions in units of million Ha.
___________________________________________________________________________
Canada Alaska US(48) Europe F.USSR N.S.Asia Total
___________________________________________________________________________
forest tundra 195.87 31.32 - 18.09 227.7 - 472.98
boreal forest 178.25 13.05 - 41.81 471.3 16.0 720.41
mixed hardwood 21.30 5.22 - - 26.5 8.0 61.02
temperate softwood 22.97 2.61 92.06 29.32 42.2 60.0 249.16
temperate hardwood 34.91 - 151.80 104.58 43.2 150.0 484.49
__________________ _____ _____ ______ ______ _____ _____ _______
total forest 453.31 52.20 243.86 193.80 810.9 234.0 1988.06
___________________________________________________________________________
Character and function of forests, together with carbon storage and
flux, differ among regions and forest types. For this reason, Auclair et
al. (1994a) structured the database on a (geopolitical) regional and biome
basis. The six regions are listed in the introduction and above. Auclair's
biome descriptions compared to Houghton and Hackler's (1994) are listed in
Table 3.
______________________________________________________________________________
Table 3. Comparison of biome descriptions.
______________________________________________________________________________
Auclair et al., 1994a,e Houghton and Hackler, 1994
______________________________________________________________________________
forest tundra -
boreal forest (boreal softwood) boreal forest for forest harvesting and
Temperate Softwood Forest
mixed wood (mixed hardwood) boreal forest for forest conversion to
cropland
temperate softwoods temperate evergreen forest
temperate hardwoods temperate deciduous forest and
vegetation type 5 of Walters, (1973),
listed as Tropical Seasonal Forests
temperate woodland and shrubland temperate woodland and shrubland and
tropical woodland and shrubland
______________________________________________________________________________
Definitions of biomes can be found in Houghton, Hackler, and Daniels
(1995). The following definitions are from that source for the above
categorized biomes:
Tundra: 'Insufficient heat. Consists of low herbaceous plants and
dwarf trees. Sedges, grasses, and lichens are also found.
Soil of this biome is frozen throughout the winter with only
the top few feet thawing during the summer.'
Forest: 'Abundant water and heat. Consists of closely set trees whose
crowns form a continuous canopy that provide shade for the
ground and lower layers of vegetation.'
Woodland: 'Transitional biome between forest and grassland. Consists of
widely spaced trees whose crowns do not form a continuous
canopy. Ground is usually covered with a dense layer of
grass, shrubs, or forbs.'
Other definitions from the same source, relevant to the above, are:
For Latitudinal Regions:
Boreal: 'Includes the subarctic zone.'
Temperate: 'Includes half of the subtropical zones and midlatitude zones.'
For Precipitation Regimes:
Moist: 'A continuous hot, frost-free climate with abundant
precipitation in all months of the year.'
Warm: 'A continuously cool, frost-free climate with abundant
precipitation. This type occurs on highlands within the
seasonal and moist regions.'
For Dominant Vegetation Covers:
Deciduous: 'Occurs in the midlatitudes where winters are cold, summers are
warm, and precipitation is adequate all months of the year.
Consists of tall broadleaf trees that develop a continuous
canopy in the summer but shed their leaves in the winter.
Lower layers are weakly developed, with a dense layer of
herbs in spring.'
Evergreen: 'Occurs in climates where the dominant tree species grow
continuously throughout the year.'
Scrub: 'Occurs in hot locations of the world that experience long dry
seasons with brief, but intense, rainy periods. Vegetation
cover consists of small drought-tolerant trees, shrubs,
grasses, and cactus.'
Auclair et al. (1994e, p. 11) give an example of the relation
between carbon storage and GMV: 'The total GMV of forest harvest (i.e.,
industrial plus non-industrial fractions) was calculated from the C
release of the total tree mass (minus slash) by assuming 3.94 m3/tC in
softwood and 4.68 m3/tC in hardwood biomes (Birdsey 1992), and a total
tree volume to gross merchantable volume ratio of 2.44. Tree crowns (i.e.
slash) were assumed to represent about 33% of the total tree volume'. One
more conversion factor from GMV to C, beyond the ones mentioned above, is
listed in Auclair et al. (1994a: File 4 Forest Harvest under the Europe,
Former Soviet Union, Non-Soviet Temperate Asia and Northern Hemisphere
Summary section): for mixed hardwoods in Europe this conversion factor is
4.28 m3/tC.
================================================================================
(III) The Database
Basic units in the database are annual values of areal extent (Ha)
and gross merchantable volume (GMV in m3) of depletion and accrual
processes. Calculations of areal extent and GMV are forest-process
dependent and are comprehensively documented in Auclair et al. (1994a).
Table 4 summarizes the forest accrual and forest depletion
information provided in each file. All files have 16 columns. Not all
columns show depletions or accruals for each of the years for all regions
for 1890-1990. A non-zero value/zero value (+/-) string was added in
Table 4 for each file indicating for which column at which years non-zero
values were reported. The files in Table 4 are ordered first by region,
and secondly by forest accrual and forest depletion processes. The column
headings of the files are as follows:
"Year Area (Ha) Volume (m3) FTDRA (Ha) BSFWD (Ha) MHDWD (Ha) TSFWD (Ha)
THDWD (Ha) FTDRA (m3) BSFWD (m3) MHDWD (m3) TSFWD (m3) THDWD (m3) % Lumber
% Pulp % Fuelwood" where for the 16 columns:
(1) Year Specific year for data
(2) Area (Ha) Total area of depletion or accrual
(for that specific year)
(3) Volume (m3) Total volume (GMV) of depletion or accrual
(for that specific year)
Biome areas undergoing depletion or accrual processes:
(4) FTDRA (Ha) Forest Tundra
(5) BSFWD (Ha) Boreal Softwood
(6) MHDWD (Ha) Mixed Hardwood
(7) TSFWD (Ha) Temperate Softwood
(8) THDWD (Ha) Temperate Hardwood
Biome GMV undergoing depletion or accrual processes:
(9) FTDRA (m3) Forest Tundra
(10) BSFWD (m3) Boreal Softwood
(11) MHDWD (m3) Mixed Hardwood
(12) TSFWD (m3) Temperate Softwood
(13) THDWD (m3) Temperate Hardwood
Harvest Percentages of:
(14) % Lumber of GMV
(15) % Pulp of GMV
(16) % Fuelwood of GMV
_____________________________________________________________________
Table 4. Detailed list of forest accrual and forest depletion files.
_____________________________________________________________________
REGION
Forest Process:
file file file
name description size
(bytes)
+ indicates a non-zero value listed in that column
for the listed years
- indicates a zero value listed in that column
for the listed years
_____________________________________________________________________
ALASKA:
Forest Depletions:
ak.pe forest pests 10378
+++-+++--+++---- 1890-1990
ak.fd forest dieback 6578
++++----+------- 1890-1933, 1935-1942, 1944-1945,
1950,1966, 1983-1984
+++++---++------ 1934,1943, 1946-1949, 1951-1965,
1967-1982, 1985-1990
ak.fi forest fire 9259
+++++++-++++---- 1890-1990
ak.ha forest harvest 9764
+------------+++ 1890-1942
+++-+++--+++-+++ 1943-1952, 1971-1990
+++-+-+--+-+-+++ 1953-1970
Forest Accruals:
ak.fs fire suppression 8246
+--------------- 1890-1990
CANADA:
Forest Depletions:
ca.pe forest pests 12810
+++-++++-++++--- 1890-1990
ca.fd forest dieback 8670
+++-+-++-+-++--- 1890-1933, 1935-1942, 1944-1945,
1950, 1966, 1983-1984
+++-+-+--+-+---- 1934,1943, 1946-1949, 1951-1965,
1967-1982, 1985-1990
ca.fi forest fire 12802
+++++++-++++---- 1890-1990
ca.ha forest harvest 14088
+++-++++-+++++-+ 1890-1900
+++-++++-+++++++ 1901-1990
ca.lu land-use 8055
+++--+++--++++-+ 1890-1899
+++--+++--++++++ 1900-1990
Forest Accruals:
ca.fe fire exclusion 3776
+++--++---++---- 1890
+--------------- 1891-1990
ca.fs fire suppression 7289
+--------------- 1890-1935
+++++++-++++---- 1936-1990
ca.ac afforestation and crop abandonment 7611
+++---++---+++-+ 1890-1900
+++---++---+++++ 1901-1990
EUROPE:
Forest Depletions:
eu.pe forest pests 10855
+++-+-++-+-++--- 1890-1990
eu.fd forest dieback 9459
+++---+----+---- 1890-1891, 1895-1899
+++---++---++--- 1892-1894, 1900-1933, 1935-1942,
1944-1945, 1950
+++-+-++-+-++--- 1934,1943, 1946-1949, 1951-1990
eu.fi forest fire 12651
+++++-++++-++--- 1890-1990
eu.ha forest harvest 10199
+++-+-++-+-+++-+ 1890-1899
+++-+-++-+-+++++ 1900-1990
eu.lu land-use 7957
+++--+++--++++-+ 1890-1899
+++--+++--++++++ 1900-1959
+------------+++ 1960-1990
euws.lu land-use of Europe's temperate woodland and
shrubland biome 5954
+++----+----++-+ 1890-1899
+++----+----++++ 1900-1959
+------------+++ 1960-1990
Forest Accruals:
eu.fe fire exclusion 3737
+++---+----+---- 1890
+--------------- 1891-1990
eu.fs fire suppression 8585
+--------------- 1890-1935
+++++-++++-++--- 1936-1990
eu.ac afforestation and crop abandonment 7665
+++---+----+-+-+ 1890-1899
+++---+----+-+++ 1900-1969
+++--+++--++++++ 1970-1990
euws.ac afforestation and crop abandonment
for Europe's temperate woodland and shrubland biome 5058
+------------+-+ 1890-1899
+------------+++ 1900-1969
+++----+----++++ 1970-1990
FORMER SOVIET UNION:
Forest Depletions:
fu.pe forest pests 12523
+++-++++-++++--- 1890-1990
fu.fd forest dieback 8254
+--------------- 1890-1894, 1904-1913,
+++----+----+--- 1895-1903, 1914-1915, 1917-1924,
1931, 1966, 1983-1984
+++---++---++--- 1916, 1925-1930, 1932-1933,
1935-1942, 1944-1945, 1950
+++-+-++-+-++--- 1934,1943, 1946-1949, 1951-1965,
1975-1978, 1988-1990
+++-+--+-+--+--- 1967-1974, 1979-1982, 1985-1987
fu.fi forest fire 14633
+++++++++++++--- 1890-1990
fu.ha forest harvest 8843
+++-+--+-+--++-+ 1890-1900
+++-+--+-+--++++ 1901-1990
fu.lu land-use 6875
+++----+----++-+ 1890-1899
+++----+----++++ 1900-1939, 1950-1968, 1975-1990
+------------+++ 1940-1949, 1969-1974
Forest Accruals:
fu.fe fire exclusion 4697
+++--++---++---- 1890
+--------------- 1891-1990
fu.fs fire suppression 9542
+--------------- 1890-1935
+++++++++++++--- 1936-1990
fu.ac afforestation and crop abandonment 5249
+------------+-+ 1890-1899
+------------+++ 1900-1939, 1950-1968, 1975-1990
+++----+----++++ 1940-1949, 1969-1974
NON-SOVIET TEMPERATE ASIA:
Forest Depletions:
na.pe forest pests 12600
+++-++++-++++--- 1890-1990
na.fd forest dieback 8306
+--------------- 1890-1894, 1904-1913
+++----+----+--- 1895-1903, 1914-1915, 1966,
1983-1984
+++---++---++--- 1916, 1925-1930, 1932-1945, 1950
+++---+----+---- 1917-1924, 1931
+++-+-++-+-++--- 1946-1949, 1951-1965, 1975-1978,
1988-1990
+++-+--+-+--+--- 1967-1974, 1979-1982, 1985-1987
na.fi forest fire 12666
+++-++++-++++--- 1890-1990
na.ha forest harvest 8603
+++---++---+++-+ 1890-1900
+++---++---+++++ 1901-1990
na.lu land-use 8595
+++---++---+++-+ 1890-1899
+++---++---+++++ 1900-1990
naws.lu land-use for Non-Soviet Asia's
temperate woodland and shrubland biome 6906
+++----+----++-+ 1890-1899
+++----+----++++ 1900-1990
Forest Accruals:
na.fe fire exclusion 3799
+++--++---++---- 1890
+--------------- 1891-1990
na.fs fire suppression 8406
+--------------- 1890-1935
+++-++++-++++--- 1936-1990
na.ac afforestation and crop abandonment 5997
+------------+-+ 1890-1899
+------------+++ 1900-1950
+++---+----+-+++ 1951-1990
CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES (48 states):
Forest Depletions:
us.pe forest pests 7525
+++---++---++--- 1890-1990
us.fd forest dieback 7593
+--------------- 1890-1894, 1904-1913
+++----+----+--- 1895-1903, 1914-1915, 1965-1974,
1979-1987
+++---++---++--- 1916, 1925-1964, 1975-1978,
1988-1990
+++---+----+---- 1917-1924
us.fi forest fire 7637
+++---++---++--- 1890-1990
us.ha forest harvest 7947
+++---++---+++-+ 1890-1899
+++---++---+++++ 1900-1990
us.lu land-use 8182
+++---++---+++-+ 1890-1899
+++---++---+++++ 1900-1990
usws.lu land-use for the United States'
temperate woodland and shrubland biome 5906
+++----+----++-+ 1890-1899
+++----+----++++ 1900-1949
+------------+++ 1950-1990
Forest Accruals:
us.fs fire suppression 5749
+--------------- 1890-1935
+++---++---++--- 1936-1990
us.ac afforestation and crop abandonment 8037
+++---++---+++-+ 1890-1899
+++---++---+++++ 1900-1990
_____________________________________________________________________
Table 5 summarizes the species-specific forest die-back information.
These files also have 16 columns and not all columns show non-zero values
for all years for all regions for the period of 1890-1990. A non-zero
value/zero value (+/-) string indicates here also for which column at
which year non-zero were reported. The files in Table 5 are also ordered
first by region, but secondly by the species softwood or hardwood
designation. The headings of the files are identical to Table 4.
_____________________________________________________________________
Table 5. List of species-specific die-back files.
_____________________________________________________________________
REGION
file file file
name description size
(bytes)
+ indicates a non-zero value listed in that column
for the listed years
- indicates a zero value listed in that column
for the listed years
_____________________________________________________________________
ALASKA:
Softwood:
ak.yc Yellow Cedar 5923
++++----+------- 1890-1990
CANADA:
Softwoods:
ca.wp White Pine 5447
+++---+----+---- 1916-1964
+--------------- remaining years
ca.yc Yellow Cedar 6505
++++----+------- 1890-1990
Hardwoods:
ca.as Ash 5073
+++----+----+--- 1929-1930, 1954-1990
+--------------- remaining years
ca.bf Balsam Fir 4663
++++---+----+--- 1933, 1948, 1960-1984
+--------------- remaining years
ca.bi Birch 4139
+++----+----+--- 1937-1951
+--------------- remaining years
ca.ma Maple 4451
+++----+----+--- 1946-1949, 1963-1968, 1977-1978,
1980-1986, 1989-1990
+--------------- remaining years
ca.oa Oak 3997
+++----+----+--- 1977-1984
+--------------- remaining years
ca.rs Red Spruce 4991
+++----+----+--- 1897-1900, 1933, 1937-1938,
1948-1949, 1957, 1959-1984
+--------------- remaining years
CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES (48 states):
Softwoods:
us.tf True Fir 4595
+++---+----+---- 1923-1925, 1930-1934, 1948-1952,
1959-1963, 1975-1978, 1988-1990
+--------------- remaining years
us.wp Western White Pine 5433
+++---+----+---- 1916-1964
+--------------- remaining years
Hardwoods:
us.as Ash 5083
+++----+----+--- 1929-1930, 1954-1990
+--------------- remaining years
us.bf Balsam Fir 4663
+++----+----+--- 1933, 1948, 1960-1984
+--------------- remaining years
us.bi Birch 4345
+++----+----+--- 1939-1952, 1979-1980, 1989-1990
+--------------- remaining years
us.ma Maple 5179
+++----+----+--- 1939-1949, 1956-1971, 1973,
1976-1982, 1984-1990
+--------------- remaining years
us.oa Oak 5383
+++----+----+--- 1895-1903, 1914-1916, 1925-1928,
1953-1959, 1966-1969, 1971-1990
+--------------- remaining years
us.rs Red Spruce 4991
+++----+----+--- 1897-1900, 1933, 1937-1938,
1948-1949, 1957, 1959-1984
+--------------- remaining years
us.se South East Pine 5805
+++----+----+--- 1932-1990
+--------------- 1890-1931
_____________________________________________________________________
Table 6 lists the three accelerated tree-growth increment files.
These three files have two columns each. The first column indicates the
year, and the second column contains factors or indices used for weighting
tree growth. The value can be positive or negative given that tree growth
can fluctuate above or below the regression line of expected growth.
The avi.ftb file is relevant to the forest tundra and boreal
forests and is based on the Jacoby and D'Arrigo (1989) data. The data are
factors derived by factor analysis (eigenvectors) of tree-ring widths.
The avi.tsm file is relevant for mixed hardwoods and temperate softwoods
and is based on tree-ring data of bristlecone pine, provided by Gary
Funkhouser (pers. comm., Auclair et al.). Data in this file are growth-
rate indices. The avi.thd file is relevant for temperate hardwoods and is
based on the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center tree ring data. Data
in this file are growth-rate indices. The headings of accelerated volume
increment (avi) files are as follows:
avi.ftb YEARS,Jacoby (FT & BF)
avi.thd YEARS,NGDC (THDWD)
avi.tsm YEARS,"Funkhauser (MH,TS)"
_____________________________________________________________________
Table 6. List of the accelerated volume increment files.
_____________________________________________________________________
file file description file size
name (bytes)
_____________________________________________________________________
avi.ftb accelerated growth (factor) for the
forest tundra and boreal forests 1079
(Jacoby & D'Arrigo data)
avi.thd accelerated growth (weighting index) for the
temperate hardwood forests 989
(NGDC tree ring data, based on
Jacoby & D'Arrigo, 1989)
avi.tsm accelerated growth (weighting index) for the
mixed hardwood and temperate softwood forests 1041
(Funkhouser data)
_____________________________________________________________________
Table 7 lists the graphic image format (gif) files of the data.
Each gif file represents the total GMV (m3) of the accrual or depletion
process in one image, and the total areal extent (Ha) of the accrual or
depletion process in a second image for each geographic region for 1890
to 1990. The biome-specific processes for each region are not represented
as gif images. The accelerated growth-rate information is graphed
separately.
_____________________________________________________________________
Table 7. List of the graphics image format (gif) files.
_____________________________________________________________________
file file size
name (bytes)
_____________________________________________________________________
For Forest Depletions (Sources for atmospheric CO2):
forestpestlosses.gif 15795
forestdiebacks.gif 18599
forestfires.gif 26097
forestharvestlosses.gif 15994
landuselosses.gif 14148
For Forest Accruals (Sinks for Atmospheric CO2):
fireexclusionsinks.gif 9635
firesuppressionsink.gif 13303
afforestationsink.gif 11949
For Accelerated Tree Growth:
accgrowth.gif 19375
_____________________________________________________________________
================================================================================
(IV) FORTRAN-77 and SAS codes to access files
The following is a listing of the FORTRAN code to access each of the 16
column depletion and accrual data files.
__________________________________________________
OPEN (UNIT=10,FILE='ak.pe',STATUS='old')
READ(10,*)
DO I=1,100
READ (10,*) Year,Area,Volume,
&AFTDRA,ABSFWD,AMHDWD,ATSFWD,ATHDWD,
&VFTDRA,VBSFWD,VMHDWD,VTSFWD,VTHDWD,
&Plumb,Ppulp,Pfwood
ENDDO
CLOSE (UNIT=10)
STOP
END
__________________________________________________
The following is a listing of the FORTRAN code to access each of the 2
column accelerated growth-increment data files.
__________________________________________________
REAL*4 Info
OPEN (UNIT=10,FILE='avi.thd',STATUS='old')
READ(10,*)
DO I=1,100
READ (10,*) Year,Info
ENDDO
CLOSE (UNIT=10)
STOP
END
__________________________________________________
The following is a listing of the SAS code to access each of the 16 column
depletion and accrual data files. (SAS is the registered trademark of
SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina, 27511, USA.)
_________________________________________________________
DATA CHANGE;
INFILE 'ak.pe' missover FIRSTOBS=2;
INPUT Year Area Volume AFTDRA ABSFWD AMHDWD ATSFWD ATHDWD
VFTDRA VBSFWD VMHDWD VTSFWD VTHDWD
Plumb Ppulp Pfwood;
RUN;
_________________________________________________________
The following is a listing of the SAS code to access each of the 2 column
avi data files.
_____________________________________
DATA AVI;
INFILE 'avi.thd' missover FIRSTOBS=2;
INPUT Year Info;
RUN;
_____________________________________
NOTE that the files can easily be pulled into spread-sheet software
like Microsoft Excel.
================================================================================
(V) QA performed by CDIAC
One of the roles of the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
(CDIAC) is to quality assure (QA) data. The QA process is an important
component of the value-added concept of ensuring accurate, usable
information for researchers, because data received by CDIAC are rarely in
condition for immediate distribution, regardless of source. The following
summarizes the checks performed on the Auclair et al. data:
(a) term definitions
(b) file organization
(c) file listings and figures providing overviews of the information
(d) FORTRAN and SAS access codes
Comprehensive documentation of the GMV and areal extent
calculations is provided in Auclair et al. (1994a) and is available in
hardcopy at cost of replication and delivery (see section VI). CDIAC is
acquainted with this information but has not undertaken a QA of that
report.
Note that Data File 12, Report #2, TASK 2 (Auclair et al., 1994a) is
a Quality Assurance and Quality Control chapter for the areas of Canada,
Alaska, United States (48 states), with range estimates of validation and
error, a listing of discussions with experts in the field and a review of
the draft of data files.
================================================================================
(VI) How to obtain the information
The 69 data files, and this db1017.doc file are available, free of charge from
CDIAC's anonymous FTP (File Transfer Protocol) area as follows:
> ftp to cdiac.esd.ornl.gov (or 128.219.24.36)
> enter 'anonymous' as user id
> enter your e-mail address as password
> cd pub/db1017
> dir
> get filenames
> bye
The database can also be accessed via the World Wide Web from CDIAC's
homepage
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov
click on Products and Services
click on CDIAC's Anonymous FTP Service
click on CDIAC's FTP area
click on db1017
click on any of the files
For non-FTP data acquisitions (e.g. IBM- or MacIntosh-formatted floppy
diskettes; 8200 or 8500 format for 8-mm tape), users may request data,
free of charge from CDIAC using the following address:
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Post Office Box 2008
Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335, USA
Phone: (423) 574-3645 or (423) 574-0390
FAX: (423) 574-2232
E-Mail: cdiac@ornl.gov
The Auclair et al. (1994a, b, c, d, e) reports are available in hardcopy at
cost of replication and delivery:
Science and Policy Associates, Inc.
1333 H Street NW, W400
Washington, D.C. USA
Email: scipol@access.digex.net
================================================================================
(VII) References:
Auclair, A.N.D., J.A. Bedford, and C. Revenga 1994a.
National forest depletion and accrual dataset: Area and volume estimates.
Documentation File, Version 3. Task Report 2 to the Office of Research
and Development, Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, DC).
Science and Policy Associates, Inc., Suite W400, Landmark Building,
1333 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20005.
Auclair, A.N.D., J.A. Bedford, and C. Revenga 1994b.
Biome and process-specific forest area and volume dataset: Carbon flux model
data input file. Task Report 3 to the Office of Research and Development,
Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, DC).
Science and Policy Associates, Inc., Suite W400, Landmark Building,
1333 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20005.
Auclair, A.N.D., J.A. Bedford, and C. Revenga 1994c.
Carbon Flux Model estimates: Output matrix documentation file. Task Report 6
to the Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency
(Washington, DC). Science and Policy Associates, Inc., Suite W400,
Landmark Building, 1333 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20005.
Auclair, A.N.D., J.A. Bedford, and C. Revenga 1994d.
Carbon Flux Model estimates: Summary tables documentation file. Task Report 7
to the Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency
(Washington, DC). Science and Policy Associates, Inc., Suite W400,
Landmark Building, 1333 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20005.
Auclair, A.N.D., J.A. Bedford, and C. Revenga 1994e.
The missing carbon sink in the terrestrial biosphere. Task Report 8 to the
Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency
(Washington, DC). Science and Policy Associates, Inc., Suite W400,
Landmark Building, 1333 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20005.
Houghton, R. A. and J. Hackler: edited by R. C. Daniels, March, 1995.
Continental Scale Estimates of the Biotic Carbon Flux from Land Cover Change:
1850 to 1980. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental
Sciences Division, Pub. No. 4379, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.
Van Akkeren, P.A. 1994. The EPA Carbon Flux model: Design document
(Part I and II). Task Report 4 to the Office of Research and Development,
Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, DC). Science and Policy
Associates, Inc., Suite W400, Landmark Building, 1333 H Street NW,
Washington, DC 20005.
Van Akkeren, P.A., and J.A. Bedford 1994. The EPA Carbon Flux model:
Users' guide. Task Report 5 to the Office of Research and Development,
Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, DC). Science and Policy
Associates, Inc., Suite W400, Landmark Building, 1333 H Street NW,
Washington, DC 20005.
=====
Auclair et al.'s (1994) references that are referred to in this db1017.doc file
are the following:
Alaska Fire Service 1992. Annual forest fire reports, 1944-1990. Alaska Fire
Service, Bureau of Land Management, Department of Interior, P.O. Box 35005,
Fort Wainwright, Alaska, USA.
Birdsey, R.A., 1992. Carbon storage and accumulation in United States forest
ecosystems. General Technical Report WO-59, Northeastern Forest Experiment
Station, USDA Forest Service, Radnor, Pennsylvania. USA.
Forestry Canada 1991. Selected forestry statistics, Canada, 1991. Policy
and Economics Directorate, Forestry Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Forestry Canada 1992a. Annual forest fire statistics on number of fires and
area burned in Canada, 1918-1990. Petawa National Institute of Forestry,
Canadian Forestry Service, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.
Forestry Canada 1992b. National forest harvest database, 1962-1992. Forestry
Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Funkhauser, Gary. Personal Communication. Laboratory of Tree Ring Research,
University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ-85721 (Data is a recent update of Dr. Donald
Graybill's analysis of bristlecone pine at Sheep MTN, CA).
Houghton, R. A. and J. Hackler, 1994. The Houghton global land-use dataset:
Updated database and documentation notes. Unpublished report. The Woods
Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. USA.
Jacoby G. C. and R. D'Arrigo, 1989. Reconstructed northern hemisphere annual
temperature since 1671 based on high-latitude tree-ring data from North America.
Climatic Change 14:39-59 ( tree ring data stored in the NGDC databank Boulder,
Colo)
National Geophysical Data Center 1994. The International Tree-Ring Data Bank.
World Data Center-A for Paleoclimatology, N.O.A.A., U.S. Department of Commerce,
Boulder, Colo, USA
Olsen, J.S., J.A. Watts and L.J. Allison, 1983. Carbon in live vegetation of
major world ecosystems. ORNL-5862. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee, USA.
Statistics Canada 1992. Yearly roundwood production data, 1926-1990. Statistics
Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
United Nations, 1992. Forest Products, 1970-1990. FAO Forestry Series No. 25
/FAO Statistics Series No. 103, FAO Yearbook 1990. Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 332 pp.
U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1916-1990. Annual forest fire reports. Fire and
Aviation Management Division, USDA Forest Service, Independence at 14th Street,
Washington, DC. USA.
U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1958. Timber resources for America's future. Forest
Resource Report No. 14, USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. USA.
U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1964. The demand and price situation for forest
products, 1964. Miscellaneous Publication No. 983. USDA Forest Service,
Washington, DC. USA.
U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1965. Timber trends in the United States. Forest
Resource Report No. 17, USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. USA.
U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1965. U.S. timber production, trade, consumption, and
price statistics, 1950-87. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1471. USDA Forest
Service, Washington, DC. USA.
U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1990. U.S. timber production, trade, consumption, and
price statistics, 1950-87. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1486. USDA Forest
Service, Washington, DC. USA.
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