DATA SET TITLE: ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATIONS - MAUNA LOA OBSERVATORY, HAWAII, 1958-2003 CONTRIBUTORS: C. D. KEELING T. P. WHORF (AND THE CARBON DIOXIDE RESEARCH GROUP) SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA 92093-0444 SCOPE OF THE DATA: THE DATA FILE PRESENTED IN THIS SUBDIRECTORY CONTAINS MONTHLY AND ANNUAL ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATIONS DERIVED FROM THE SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY'S (SIO's) CONTINUOUS MONITORING PROGRAM AT MAUNA LOA OBSERVATORY, HAWAII. THIS RECORD CONSTITUTES THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS RECORD OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATIONS AVAILABLE IN THE WORLD. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL AVERAGE MOLE FRACTIONS OF CO2 IN WATER-VAPOR-FREE AIR ARE GIVEN FROM MARCH 1958 THROUGH DECEMBER 2003, EXCEPT FOR A FEW INTERRUPTIONS. DATA FORMAT: FOUR ASCII FILES ARE PROVIDED WITHIN THIS SUBDIRECTORY (NDP001) INCLUDING THIS DESCRIPTIVE FILE (MAUNALOA.TXT), A FORTRAN 90 (MAUNALOA.FOR) AND SAS (MAUNALOA.SAS) RETRIEVAL CODE TO READ AND PRINT THE DATA FILE, AND THE DATA FILE (MAUNALOA.CO2) CONTAINING MONTHLY AND ANNUAL CO2 CONCENTRATIONS DERIVED FROM DAILY AND 15-MINUTE AVERAGES. ALL CONCENTRATIONS ARE EXPRESSED IN PARTS PER MILLION BY VOLUME (PPMV) IN THE SIO 2003A MOLE FRACTION SCALE. MISSING VALUES ARE REPRESENTED BY -99.99. MONTHLY VALUES ARE AVERAGES OF DATA ADJUSTED TO THE 15TH OF EACH MONTH. ANNUAL VALUES ARE ARITHMETIC MEANS FOR YEARS WHERE ALL 12 MONTHLY VALUES ARE PRESENT. IN YEARS WHERE ONE OR TWO MONTHLY VALUES ARE MISSING, ANNUAL VALUES WERE CALCULATED BY SUBSTITUTING A FIT VALUE (4-HARMONICS WITH GAIN FACTOR AND SPLINE) FOR THOSE MONTHS AND THEN AVERAGING THE TWELVE MONTHLY VALUES. THE DATA FILE CONTAINS FORTY-SIX DATA RECORDS (I.E., 1958-2003) FORMATTTED AS: DO 6 I=1,46 READ(5,4,END=7) IYEAR(I),(MONTH(I,J),J=1,12),ANNUAL(I), + FITANN(I) 4 FORMAT(I4,12F7.2,F7.2,F7.2) WRITE(6,5) IYEAR(I),(MONTH(I,J),J=1,12),ANNUAL(I), + FITANN(I) 5 FORMAT(1X,I4,2X,12F7.2,2X,F7.2,2X,F7.2) 6 CONTINUE WHERE: IYEAR REPRESENTS THE CALENDAR YEAR MONTH REPRESENTS THE 12 MONTHLY ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATIONS EXPRESSED IN PARTS PER MILLION BY VOLUME (PPMV) RELATIVE TO THE SIO 2003A MANOMETRIC MOLE FRACTION SCALE. ANNUAL REPRESENTS THE ARITHMETIC MEAN ANNUAL ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATION EXPRESSED IN PARTS PER MILLION BY VOLUME (PPMV) RELATIVE TO THE SIO 2003A MANOMETRIC MOLE FRACTION SCALE. FITANN REPRESENTS THE MEAN ANNUAL ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATION, EXPRESSED IN PARTS PER MILLION BY VOLUME (PPMV) RELATIVE TO THE SIO 2003A MANOMETRIC MOLE FRACTION SCALE, CALCULATED USING A FOUR_HARMONIC WITH GAIN FACTOR SPLINE FIT. STATED IN TABULAR FORM, THE CONTENTS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING. VARIABLE VARIABLE COLUMN COLUMN VARIABLE TYPE WIDTH START END IYEAR NUMERIC I4 1 4 MONTH NUMERIC F7.2 JANUARY 5 11 FEBRUARY 12 18 MARCH 19 25 APRIL 26 32 MAY 33 39 JUNE 40 46 JULY 47 53 AUGUST 54 60 SEPTEMBER 61 67 OCTOBER 68 74 NOVEMBER 75 81 DECEMBER 82 88 ANNUAL NUMERIC F7.2 89 95 FITANN NUMERIC F7.2 96 102 REFERENCES BACASTOW, R.B., AND C.D. KEELING. 1981. ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION AND THE OBSERVED AIRBORNE FRACTION. PP. 103-112 IN B. BOLIN, (ED.), CARBON CYCLE MODELLING, SCOPE 16. JOHN WILEY AND SONS, NEW YORK. BACASTOW, R.B., C.D. KEELING, AND T.P. WHORF. 1985. SEASONAL AMPLITUDE INCREASE IN ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATION AT MAUNA LOA, HAWAII, 1959-1982. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 90(D6):10,529-540. KEELING, C.D. 1998. REWARDS AND PENALTIES OF MONITORING THE EARTH. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 23:25-82. KEELING, C.D., R.B. BACASTOW, A.F. CARTER, S.C. PIPER, T.P. WHORF, M. HEIMANN, W.G. MOOK, AND H. ROELOFFZEN. 1989. A THREE DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 TRANSPORT BASED ON OBSERVED WINDS: 1. ANALYSIS OF OBSERVATIONAL DATA. IN D.H. PETERSON (ED.) ASPECTS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN THE PACIFIC AND THE WESTERN AMERICAS. GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH 55:165-235. KEELING, C.D., R.B. BACASTOW, A.E. BAINBRIDGE, C.A. EKDAHL, JR., P.R. GUENTHER, L.S. WATERMAN, AND J.F.S. CHIN. 1976. ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE VARIATIONS AT MAUNA LOA OBSERVATORY, HAWAII. TELLUS 28(6):538-551. KEELING, C.D., R.B. BACASTOW, AND T.P. WHORF. 1982. MEASUREMENTS OF THE CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AT MAUNA LOA OBSERVATORY, HAWAII. PP. 377-385 IN W.C. CLARK, (ED.), CARBON DIOXIDE REVIEW: 1982. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, NEW YORK. KEELING, C.D., T.P. WHORF, M. WHALEN, AND J. van der PLICHT. 1995. INTERANNUAL EXTREMES IN THE RATE OF RISE OF ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE SINCE 1980. NATURE 375:666-670. KEELING, C.D., J.F.S. CHIN, AND T.P. WHORF. 1996. INCREASED ACTIVITY OF NORTHERN VEGETATION INFERRED FROM ATMOSPHERIC CO2 MEASUREMENTS. NATURE 382:146-149. Keeling, C.D., P.R. Guenther, G. Emanuele III, A. Bollenbacher, D.J. Moss. 2002. Scripps Reference Gas Calibration System for Carbon Dioxide-in-Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide-in-Air Standards: Revision of 1999 (with Addendum). SIO Reference Series No. 01-11. WHORF, T. AND C.D. KEELING. 1998. RISING CARBON. NEW SCIENTIST 157:54