TITLE OF DATA SET Global and Hemispheric Annual Temperature Variations Between 1854 and 1991. DATA CONTRIBUTORS P. D. Jones, T. M. L. Wigley, and P. B. Wright Climatic Research Unit University of East Anglia Norwich, United Kingdom SCOPE OF THE DATA Two estimates of global and hemispheric annual temperature variations, relative to a 1950-79 reference period, are presented for 1854-1991. These estimates were compiled by Jones et al. (1986a,b,c) and Jones (1988). In one set of estimates, the influences of El Nino/Southern Oscillation-related events are considered. Both estimates are based on corrected land and marine data. Land data were derived from meteorological data and fixed-position weather ship data that were corrected for non-climatic errors such as station shifts or instrument changes (Jones et al. 1986a,b). The marine data used were those in the COADS (Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set) compilation which extends to 1979, and data from the Climate Analysis Center (NOAA) for 1980-1988. Both sea surface temperatures (SST) and marine air temperatures (MAT) were used. These global and hemispheric annual variations show little trend during the nineteenth century, marked warming to 1940, relatively steady conditions to the mid-1970's, followed by a rapid warming during the 1980's. Over the period of record, globally - averaged temperatures have risen approximately 0.5oC. The warmest seven years of the 1854-1991 record in descending order (1990, 1991, 1988, 1987, 1983, 1981, and 1980) have occurred during the 1980's. Globally, in 1991 the mean temperature variation was 0.34oC above the 1950-79 reference period mean, 0.05oC cooler than 1990. Statistically, the decade of the 1980s over the globe was significantly (t value 1.90) warmer than the 1950-79 reference period mean. DATA FORMAT Four ASCII text files are provided in this subdirectory including this documentation file (NDP022R2.TXT), the data file containing the global and hemispheric temperature variations (NDP022R2.DAT), and a FORTRAN 77 and a SAS retrieval code (NDP022R2.FOR and NDP022R2.SAS) to read and print the data file. All anomalies are expressed in degrees Celsius. The data file contains seven variables, has missing values denoted by -99.99, and is formatted as: DIMENSION IYEAR(138),NHEM(138),SHEM(138),GLOBE(138) 1 NENSO(138),SENSO(138),GENSO(138) DO 20 I=1,138 READ (5,10,END=99) IYEAR(I),NHEM(I),SHEM(I),GLOBE(I),NENSO(I), 1 SENSO(I),GENSO(I) 10 FORMAT(1X,I4,6(F6.2)) where: IYEAR is the year. Values range from 1854 to 1991. NHEM is the annual temperature anomaly, relative to a 1950-1979 reference period, for the Northern Hemisphere. The anomalies are expressed in degrees Celsius. SHEM is the annual temperature anomaly, relative to a 1950-1979 reference period, for the Southern Hemisphere. The anomalies are expressed in degrees Celsius. GLOBE is thhe global annual temperature anomaly, relative to a 1950-1979 reference period. The anomalies are expressed in degrees Celsius. NENSO is the Northern Hemisphere annual temperature anomaly, relative to a 1950-1979 reference period, with the influences of El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) removed. The anomalies are expressed in degrees Celsius. SENSO is the Southern Hemisphere annual temperature anomaly, relative to a 1950-1979 reference period, with the influences of ENSO removed. The anomalies are expressed in degrees Celsius. GENSO is the global annual temperature anomaly, relative to a 1950-1979 reference period, with the influences of ENSO removed. The anomalies are expressed in degrees Celsius. Stated in tabular form, the contents include the following: Variable Variable Starting Ending Variable type width column column IYEAR Numeric I4 2 5 NHEM Numeric F6.2 6 11 SHEM Numeric F6.2 12 17 GLOBE Numeric F6.2 18 23 NENSO Numeric F6.2 24 29 SENSO Numeric F6.2 30 35 GENSO Numeric F6.2 36 41 REFERENCES Briffa, K. R., and P. D. Jones. 1993. Global surface air temperature variations over the twentieth century: Part 2, Implications for large-scale high-frequency paleoclimatic studies. Holocene 3:82-93. Jones, P. D. 1988. The influence of ENSO on global temperatures. Climate Monitor 17(3): 80-89. Jones, P. D. and K. R. Briffa. 1992. Global surface air temperature variations over the twentieth century: Part 1, Spatial, temporal and seasonal details. Holocene 2:105-179. Jones, P. D., T. M. L. Wigley, and P. B. Wright. 1986. Global temperature variations between 1861 and 1984. Nature 322:430-434. Jones, P. D., S. C. B. Raper, R. S. Bradley, H. F. Diaz, P. M. Kelly, and T. M. L. Wigley. 1986. Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature variations: 1851-1984. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 25(2): 161-179. Jones, P. D., S. C. B. Raper, and T. M. L. Wigley. 1986. Southern Hemisphere surface air temperature variations: 1851-1984. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 25(9):1213-1230.