ORNL/CDIAC-131 NDP-050/R1 CARBON FLUX TO THE ATMOSPHERE FROM LAND-USE CHANGES: 1850 TO 1990 Contributed by Richard A. Houghton Joseph L. Hackler The Woods Hole Research Center Woods Hole, Massachusetts Prepared by Robert M. Cushman Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Environmental Sciences Division Publication No. 5054 Date Published: February 2001 Prepared for the Environmental Sciences Division Office of Biological and Environmental Research U.S. Department of Energy Budget Activity Number KP 12 04 01 0 Prepared by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Environmental Sciences Division OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335 managed by University of Tennessee-Battelle, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ABSTRACT 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 2. APPLICATIONS OF THE DATA 3. DATA LIMITATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS 4. DATA CHECKS AND PROCESSING PERFORMED BY CDIAC 5. INSTRUCTIONS FOR OBTAINING THE DATA AND DOCUMENTATION 6. REFERENCES 7. LISTING OF FILES PROVIDED 8. DESCRIPTION OF THE DOCUMENTATION FILE 9. DESCRIPTION, FORMAT, AND PARTIAL LISTINGS OF THE ASCII DATA FILES 10. DESCRIPTION AND FORMAT OF THE LOTUS 1-2-3 BINARY SPREADSHEET FILES 11. SAS AND FORTRAN CODES TO ACCESS THE DATA APPENDIX A. ECOSYSTEM AREA BY REGION APPENDIX B. REGIONAL LAND-USE CHANGE AND WOOD HARVEST DATA APPENDIX C. REGIONAL CARBON-CHANGE COEFFICIENTS APPENDIX D. FULL LISTING OF NDP050.DAT (FILE 2) APPENDIX E. FULL LISTING OF COMPARE.DAT (FILE 4) LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Countries constituting the nine regions covered in this database Table 2. Files in the database Table 3. Contents and format of ndp050.dat (File 2) Table 4. Contents and format of compare.dat (File 4) ABSTRACT Houghton, R. A., and J. L. Hackler. 2001. Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use Changes: 1850 to 1990. ORNL/CDIAC-131, NDP-050/R1 (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/ndp050.html). Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. The database documented in this numeric data package, a revision to a database originally published by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) in 1995, consists of annual estimates, from 1850 through 1990, of the net flux of carbon between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere resulting from deliberate changes in land cover and land use, especially forest clearing for agriculture and the harvest of wood for wood products or energy. The data are provided on a year-by-year basis for nine regions (North America, South and Central America, Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, Tropical Africa, the Former Soviet Union, China, South and Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Developed Region) and the globe. Some data begin earlier than 1850 (e.g., for six regions, areas of different ecosystems are provided for the year 1700) or extend beyond 1990 (e.g., fuelwood harvest in South and Southeast Asia, by forest type, is provided through 1995). The global net flux during the period 1850 to 1990 was 124 Pg of carbon (1 petagram = 10^15 grams). During this period, the greatest regional flux was from South and Southeast Asia (39 Pg of carbon), while the smallest regional flux was from North Africa and the Middle East (3 Pg of carbon). For the year 1990, the global total net flux was estimated to be 2.1 Pg of carbon. This numeric data package contains a year-by-year regional data set of net flux estimates, a year- by-year data set comparing several estimates of global total net flux, and this documentation file (which includes SAS and Fortran codes to read the ASCII data files). The data files are provided in both flat ASCII and binary spreadsheet format. The data files and this documentation are available without charge on a variety of media and via the Internet from CDIAC. Keywords: agriculture, carbon, deforestation, forests, land cover, land use, pastures, plantations, shifting agriculture, soil, vegetation 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION In the attempt to "balance" the global carbon cycle (that is, reconcile the known sources and sinks of carbon), two major unknowns remain: the flux between the atmosphere and the oceans and the flux between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems. To address the latter, several investigators have attempted to estimate the flows of carbon between the atmosphere and both temperate and tropical ecosystems. Quantification of the role of changing land use in the global cycling of carbon (and, consequently, in controlling atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, the single most important greenhouse gas) requires complete, consistent, and accurate databases of vegetation, land use, and biospheric carbon content. The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) has previously made available several important quality-assured and documented databases on this topic (Olson et al. 1985, Richards and Flint 1994, Houghton and Hackler 1995, and Brown and Gaston 1996). This database is a revision to Houghton and Hackler (1995). This revised numeric data package provides and documents the data corresponding to the analysis reported by Houghton (1999). It consists of annual estimates, from 1850 through 1990, of the net flux of carbon between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere resulting from deliberate changes in land cover and land use, especially forest clearing for agriculture and the harvest of wood for wood products or energy. The data are provided on a year-by-year basis for nine regions specified by country in Table 1 (North America, South and Central America, Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, Tropical Africa, the Former Soviet Union, China, South and Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Developed Region) and the globe. Note that South and Central America, Tropical Africa, and South and Southeast Asia, as used in this database, are called Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Tropical Asia, respectively, in Houghton (1999). Some data begin earlier than 1850 (e.g., for six regions, areas of different ecosystems are provided for the year 1700) or extend beyond 1990 (e.g., fuelwood harvest in South and Southeast Asia, by forest type, is provided through 1995). ********** Table 1. Countries constituting the nine regions covered in this database North America (Canada, United States) South and Central America (Argentina, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Surinam, Trinidad & Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela) Europe (Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Spain, Switzerland, Yugoslavia) North Africa and the Middle East (Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Cyprus, Democratic Yemen, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen) Tropical Africa (Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cabinda, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Reunion, Rio Muni, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Upper Volta, Western Sahara, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe) Former Soviet Union (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelorussia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghistan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan) China (People's Republic of China, Mongolia) South and Southeast Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam) Pacific Developed Region (Australia, Japan, New Zealand, North Korea, Oceania, Papua New Guinea, South Korea, Taiwan) ********** The approach used to derive this time series of flux estimates is described fully in Houghton (1999) and other publications (Houghton et al. 1983, 1987; Houghton and Hackler 1995, 1999). The methodology takes into account not only the initial removal and oxidation of the carbon in the vegetation but also subsequent regrowth and changes in soil carbon. The net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use from 1850 to 1990 was modeled as a function of documented land-use change and changes in aboveground and belowground carbon following changes in land use. The changes in carbon, with time, following land-use change are specified by region and ecosystem type. Data on ecosystem areas in each region are listed in Appendix A, which provides areas for the years 1700 (for six of the nine regions), 1850, and 1990, along with the percent change from 1850 to 1990. Data on changes in land-use and wood harvest are listed in Appendix B, which provides the regional details of fuelwood (nonindustrial logging) and timber (industrial logging) harvest by forest type, changes in area of pasture, forest plantation, afforestation, forest clearing for croplands, and lands in shifting cultivation. The approach uses a bookkeeping model to track, with an annual time step, changes in aboveground and belowground carbon in different kinds of ecosystems following changes in land use. Annual rates of expansion and contraction of agricultural area (for cropland, pasture, and shifting cultivation) and of wood harvest were used to estimate the types of ecosystem affected and the change in area of each affected ecosystem type. Then, response curves were generated to estimate the changes in carbon, for years to decades, that follow each type of land management or land-use change. All carbon in the affected area is accounted for: live vegetation, soil, slash (woody debris produced during disturbance), and wood products. However, this procedure does not account for all processes that affect ecosystem carbon storage and fluxes (e.g., natural disturbances, fire suppression, and environmental factors, such as CO2 and climate, that affect vegetation). Furthermore, the analysis ignores fluxes of carbon to or from ecosystems not directly affected by land-use change. Data on land-use change, wood harvest, and carbon in ecosystems were obtained from a number of sources, detailed in Houghton (1999). The bookkeeping model partitioned the vegetation after land-use change into three pools: standing live vegetation, dead material left on-site, and woody material removed from the site. The model tracked the return of carbon in the remaining live vegetation to pre-disturbance values. Dead material left on-site and woody material removed from the site (e.g., for timber or firewood) decayed at specified rates. Changes in soil carbon included both post-disturbance losses and eventual recoveries. The coefficients and time constants were specified by region, ecosystem type, and land-use type (see App. C, which provides details of changes in carbon in vegetation and soils with time as a result of land-use change). Finally, changes in on-site carbon pools and carbon in off-site wood products were used to estimate fluxes to and from the atmosphere. The estimated global total net flux of carbon from changes in land use increased from 397 Tg of carbon (1 teragram = 10^12 gram) in 1850 to 2187 Tg or 2.2 Pg of carbon (1 petagram = 10^15 gram) in 1989 and then decreased slightly to 2103 Tg or 2.1 Pg of carbon in 1990 (App. D). The global net flux during the period 1850 to 1990 was 124 Pg of carbon. During this period, the greatest regional flux was from South and Southeast Asia (39 Pg of carbon), while the smallest regional flux was from North Africa and the Middle East (3 Pg of carbon). For the year 1990, the global total net flux was estimated to be 2.1 Pg of carbon; for comparison, the estimated 1990 carbon flux to the atmosphere from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production has been estimated at 6.1 Pg of carbon (Marland et al. 1999). This revised database provides estimates for all regions through 1990, whereas Houghton and Hackler (1995) provided estimates for only three regions (South and Central America, Tropical Africa, and South and Southeast Asia) through 1990, for one region (the Former Soviet Union) through 1985, and for the remaining five regions (North America, Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, China, and the Pacific Developed Region) through 1980. For some variables (e.g., fuelwood harvest in South and Southeast Asia, by forest type) the data extend beyond 1990. The approach used in Houghton (1999) differs from that used in earlier estimates in several respects: (1) The analysis for South and Southeast Asia has been reconstructed (Houghton and Hackler 1999) to directly assess the effects of logging based on mass of harvested material. This analysis is now methodologically consistent with that for other regions, whereas the approach used in Houghton and Hackler (1995) modeled the region based upon estimated degradation of forest biomass. (2) The timber harvest rates for China (files chin-rat.* in Houghton and Hackler 1995, App. B in this document) were relabeled to correspond to the correct ecosystem. (3) The clearing rates and harvest mass for the Former Soviet Union are documented in Melillo et al. (1988), replacing the input rates that had been taken from Houghton et al. (1983) and provided in Houghton and Hackler (1995) as files fsu-rat.* (App. B in this document). (4) Revised data for South and Central America (Houghton et al. 1991a, 1991b ) were used. The earlier data were provided in Houghton and Hackler (1995) as files scam-re.* and scam.rat.*. (5) Houghton (1999) mentioned three other revisions to the earlier estimates: The residence time of plant debris removed during clearing for agriculture was reduced, forest plantations were considered, and deforestation rates were updated. 2. APPLICATIONS OF THE DATA This database will be useful for studies of the global carbon cycle, especially focusing on fluxes of carbon between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. The database will also be useful for studies of land-use change, agriculture, and forestry. The region- and ecosystem-specific parameters provided in Appendix B will be useful for estimating both the recovery of ecosystems following disturbance and the oxidation of carbon in wood products. 3. DATA LIMITATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS The methodology of Houghton (1999) is limited to deliberate changes in land use (e.g., clearing for agriculture and harvest of forests for timber and fuelwood) and does not account for all processes that affect ecosystem carbon storage and fluxes (e.g., natural disturbances; fire suppression and silvicultural practices; and environmental factors, such as CO2, nitrogen deposition, acid precipitation, ultraviolet radiation, and climate, that affect vegetation). Furthermore, the analysis ignores fluxes of carbon to or from ecosystems not directly affected by land-use change. In a study of net flux from land-use change in the United States (Houghton et al. 1999), the authors concluded that such environmental factors as climate and increased CO2 could have accounted for 2 to 4 times as much carbon accumulation as did recovery from previous harvests. Houghton and Hackler (1999) consider at length the uncertainties associated with estimates of net carbon flux from land-use change. For tropical Asia, they estimate the uncertainty of the long- term flux to be about 30%. The sources of uncertainty are divided into estimating the areas of land affected by change, estimating the biomass of the land (especially in the years before human disturbance), and estimating changes in carbon stocks over time. Houghton (1999) addresses the simplifications, approximations, and assumptions that are inherent in the estimation of carbon fluxes based on available data, such as estimation of time series of wood harvest or area of cropland by extrapolating from population time series and single-year per capita data. Additional, region-specific, data limitations are mentioned in Houghton (1999): (1) In China, Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, North America, the Pacific Developed Region, and South and Central America, harvest of timber was not distinguished from harvest of fuelwood, even though they have different carbon oxidation rates. (2) Only in South and Central America and in South and Southeast Asia was shifting cultivation considered. (3) In the Former Soviet Union, the effects of grazing and peat drainage were not considered. (4) In South and Central America, carbon flux from an increase in degraded lands was excluded. (5) In South and Southeast Asia, the extraction of fuelwood during the early years may have been underestimated, because of an inverse relationship between per capita extraction and population density. (6) In Tropical Africa, harvest of wood and shifting cultivation were not included. The estimates of annual net carbon flux on a global total basis, derived from this database and reported by Houghton (1999), vary somewhat from estimates reported previously (e.g., Houghton et al. 1983, Houghton and Skole 1990, Houghton and Hackler 1995) [App. E; but note that the data for the period 1850 to 1859 attributed in App. E to Houghton et al. (1983) were not actually presented in that publication but are present in the data used in that publication]. According to the data presented in this numeric data package, the total flux over the period 1850 to 1980 was 103 Pg of carbon (corrected from the 109 Pg of carbon estimate reported in Houghton 1999). This estimate is considerably lower than that found in Houghton et al. (1983) for the (shorter) period 1860 to 1980, 180 Pg of carbon, which has been characterized (Houghton 1999) as an overestimate for three reasons: (1) The amount of soil carbon lost with cultivation was overestimated, because an observed 50% loss of carbon in the upper 20 to 30 cm of the soil column was applied to the top 1 m of soil; (2) estimates of forest biomass in Latin America and Africa were too high; and (3) there was no distinction between harvests of fuelwood and timber despite their very different efficiencies of wood removal. The estimate of global total net flux over the period 1850 to 1980 derived from the data in this numeric data package (103 Pg of carbon) is closer to the more recent estimate in Houghton and Skole (1990): A value of 110 Pg of carbon is reported in that paper, although the authors (personal communication) have noted that the methodology and data described in the paper actually yield a total of 118 Pg of carbon. It is also closer to the estimate of 106 Pg of carbon in Houghton (1993) and to the estimate of 99 Pg of carbon in Houghton and Hackler (1995). 4. DATA CHECKS AND PROCESSING PERFORMED BY CDIAC An important part of the data-packaging process at CDIAC involves the quality assurance (QA) of data before distribution. To guarantee data of the highest possible quality, CDIAC performs extensive QA checks, examining the data for completeness, reasonableness, and accuracy, through close cooperation with the data contributor. CDIAC did not attempt to run the bookkeeping model to validate the estimates presented in Houghton (1999). Rather, CDIAC focused its QA efforts on the format and consistency of the datasets and on comparing the values in the database with the corresponding values specified in Houghton (1999). The annual net flux estimates by region for the period 1850 to 1990 were graphed and visually compared with Figure 5 in Houghton (1999), and the annual global total estimates for the period 1850 to 1990 were graphed and visually compared with Figure 6 in Houghton (1999). The global total net flux estimates, derived from this database, for the periods 1850 to 1980 (103 Pg of carbon) and 1850 to 1990 (124 Pg of carbon) were compared with the corresponding totals reported in Table 3 of Houghton (1999). While the 1850 to 1990 estimates were identical, the 1850 to 1980 total derived from this database differed from the value of 109 Pg of carbon reported in Houghton (1999). This was determined to be an error in Houghton (1999) rather than an error in the database. Regional total net flux estimates, derived from this database, for the period 1850 to 1990 and the average annual flux for the 1980s were compared with the corresponding totals reported in Table 2 of Houghton (1999). They all agreed, with the exception of the estimate of the 1850 to 1990 total for the Former Soviet Union, which is 10.7 Pg of carbon according to this database but 10.4 Pg of carbon according to Houghton (1999). This discrepancy is attributed to the current explicit specification of volume of timber and fuelwood harvest in the data input and modeling process (as opposed to the previous use of area harvested as a surrogate for the volume of harvest). Equivalent files compare.dat and compare.wk1 list the year-by-year estimates of global total net flux plotted in Figure 6 of Houghton (1999), corresponding to the estimates presented in Houghton et al. (1983), Houghton and Skole (1990, as corrected), Houghton and Hackler (1995), and Houghton (1999, as corrected). 5. INSTRUCTIONS FOR OBTAINING THE DATA AND DOCUMENTATION This database (NDP-050/R1) is available free of charge from CDIAC. The files are available via the Internet, from CDIAC's World Wide Web site (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov), or from CDIAC's anonymous file transfer protocol (FTP) area (cdiac.esd.ornl.gov) as follows: 1. FTP to cdiac.esd.ornl.gov (128.219.24.36). 2. Enter "ftp" as the user id. 3. Enter your electronic mail address as the password (e.g., fred@zulu.org). 4. Change to the directory "pub/ndp050" (i.e., use the command "cd pub/ndp050"). 5. Set ftp to get ASCII files by using the ftp "ascii" command. 6. Retrieve the ASCII database documentation file by using the ftp "get ndp050.txt" command. 7. Retrieve the ASCII data files by using the ftp "mget *.dat" command. 8. Set ftp to get binary files by using the ftp "binary" command. 9. Retrieve the binary spreadsheet files by using the ftp "mget *.wk1" command. 10. Exit the system by using the ftp "quit" command. 11. Uncompress the files on your computer if they are obtained in compressed format. For non-Internet data acquisitions (e.g., diskette or CD-ROM) or for additional information, contact: Information Services Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335, U.S.A. Telephone: 1-865-574-3645 Telefax: 1-865-574-2232 E-mail: cdiac@ornl.gov 6. REFERENCES Brown, S., and G. Gaston. 1996. Tropical Africa: Land use, biomass, and carbon estimates for 1980 (R. C. Daniels, editor). ORNL/CDIAC-92, NDP-055. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Houghton, R. A. 1993. The flux of carbon from changes in land use. pp. 39-42. In I. G. Enting and K. R. Lassey (eds.). Projections of Future CO2. Technical paper 27, CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research, Mordialloc, Australia. Houghton, R. A. 1999. The annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use 1850-1990. Tellus 51B:298-313. Houghton, R. A., R. D. Boone, J. R. Fruci, J. E. Hobbie, J. M. Melillo, C. A. Palm, B. J. Peterson, G. R. Shaver, G. M. Woodwell, B. Moore, D. L. Skole, and N. Myers. 1987. The flux of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere in 1980 due to changes in land use: Geographic distribution of the global flux. Tellus 39B:122-139. Houghton, R. A., and J. L. Hackler. 1995. Continental scale estimates of the biotic carbon flux from land cover change: 1850-1980 (R. C. Daniels, editor). ORNL/CDIAC-79, NDP-050. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Houghton, R. A., and J. L. Hackler. 1999. Emissions of carbon from forestry and land-use change in tropical Asia. Global Change Biology 5:481-492. Houghton, R. A., J. L. Hackler, and K. T. Lawrence. 1999. The U.S. carbon budget: Contributions from land-use change. Science 285:574-578. Houghton, R. A., J. E. Hobbie, J. M. Melillo, B. Moore, B. J. Peterson, G. R. Shaver, and G. M. Woodwell. 1983. Changes in the carbon content of terrestrial biota and soils between 1860 and 1980: A net release of CO2 to the atmosphere. Ecological Monographs 53:235-262. Houghton, R. A., D. S. Lefkowitz, and D. L. Skole. 1991a. Changes in the landscape of Latin America between 1850 and 1980 (I). A progressive loss of forests. Forest Ecology Management 38:143-172. Houghton, R. A., and D. L. Skole. 1990. Carbon. pp. 393-408. In B. L. Turner, W. C. Clark, R. W. Kates, J. F. Richards, J. T. Mathews, and W. B. Meyer (eds.), The Earth as Transformed by Human Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Houghton, R. A., D. L. Skole, and D. S. Lefkowitz. 1991b. Changes in the landscape of Latin America between 1850 and 1980 (II). A net release of CO2 to the atmosphere. Forest Ecology Management 38:173-199. Marland, G., A. Brenkert, and J. Olivier. 1999. CO2 from fossil fuel burning: A comparison of ORNL and EDGAR estimates of national emissions. Environmental Science & Policy 2:265-273. Melillo, J. M., J. R. Fruci, R. A. Houghton, B. Moore, and D. L. Skole. 1988. Land-use change in the Soviet Union between 1850 and 1980: Causes of a net release of CO2 to the atmosphere. Tellus 40B:116-128. Olson, J. S., J. A. Watts, and L. J. Allison. 1985. Major world ecosystem complexes ranked by carbon in live vegetation: A database. NDP-017. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Richards, J. F., and E. P. Flint. 1994. Historic land use and carbon estimates for South and Southeast Asia (R. C. Daniels, editor). ORNL/CDIAC-61, NDP-064. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 7. LISTING OF FILES PROVIDED The database consists of five files (see Table 2), including this documentation file. The data files (ndp050.* and compare.*) are available in two formats: as flat ASCII files and as binary spreadsheet files (in Lotus 1-2-3 format, but readable by other spreadsheet programs). ********** Table 2. Files in the database File number File name File size (kB) File type File description 1 ndp050.txt 137 ASCII text Documentation file 2 ndp050.dat 16 ASCII text Data file 3 ndp050.wk1 26 Binary spreadsheet Data file 4 compare.dat 10 ASCII text Data file 5 compare.wk1 13 Binary spreadsheet Data file ********** 8. DESCRIPTION OF THE DOCUMENTATION FILE The ndp050.txt (File 1) file is an ASCII text equivalent of this document. 9. DESCRIPTION, FORMAT, AND PARTIAL LISTINGS OF THE ASCII DATA FILES Table 3 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file ndp050.dat (File 2) distributed with this numeric data package. Table 3 also indicates the column in the corresponding spreadsheet file ndp050.wk1 in which each variable is found. There are no missing values in these two files. ********** Table 3. Contents and format of ndp050.dat (File 2) Variable Variable Variable Starting Ending Units Spreadsheet Definition and type width column column column comments YEAR Integer 4 5 8 year A Year NAM Real 6 11 16 1000 Gg C B Net flux for North America SCAM Real 6 22 27 1000 Gg C C Net flux for South and Central America EUROPE Real 6 31 36 1000 Gg C D Net flux for Europe NAFRME Real 5 45 49 1000 Gg C E Net flux for North Africa and the Middle East TRAFR Real 6 54 59 1000 Gg C F Net flux for Tropical Africa FSU Real 6 64 69 1000 Gg C G Net flux for the Former Soviet Union CHINA Real 6 74 79 1000 Gg C H Net flux for China SSEASIA Real 7 84 90 1000 Gg C I Net flux for South and Southeast Asia PACDR Real 5 97 101 1000 Gg C J Net flux for the Pacific Developed Region TOTAL Real 8 104 111 1000 Gg C K Net global flux ********** First two data records: 1850 87.28 42.48 55.04 3.98 5.61 58.56 56.52 85.63 2.05 397.145 1851 87.22 42.18 55.02 3.98 6.47 58.55 56.50 85.20 2.04 397.164 Last two data records: 1989 9.47 579.12 -18.42 22.47 337.54 21.19 49.85 1180.05 5.29 2186.550 1990 12.42 577.16 -18.08 23.24 341.50 20.11 48.69 1094.39 3.92 2103.342 Table 4 describes the format and contents of the ASCII data file compare.dat (File 4) distributed with this numeric data package. Table 4 also indicates the column in the corresponding spreadsheet file compare.wk1 in which each variable is found. The missing-value indicator in the ascii file is -9.999 (in the spreadsheet file, cells representing missing values are simply left blank). ********** Table 4. Contents and format of compare.dat (File 4) Variable Variable Variable Starting Ending Units Spreadsheet Definition and type width column column column comments YEAR Integer 4 1 4 year A Year HETAL83 Real 6 13 18 1000 Tg C B Global total net flux, from Houghton et al. (1983) HS90 Real 6 31 36 1000 Tg C C Global total net flux, from Houghton and Skole (1990), as corrected HH95 Real 5 51 55 1000 Tg C D Global total net flux, from Houghton and Hackler (1995) H99 Real 5 63 67 1000 Tg C E Global total net flux, from Houghton (1999) ********** First two data records: 1850 0.458 0.278 0.352 0.397 1851 0.464 0.319 0.383 0.397 Last two data records: 1989 -9.999 -9.999 1.611 2.187 1990 -9.999 -9.999 1.614 2.103 10. DESCRIPTION AND FORMAT OF THE LOTUS 1-2-3 BINARY SPREADSHEET FILES Lotus 1-2-3 binary spreadsheet file ndp050.wk1 (File 3) contains the same information as the corresponding ASCII file ndp050.dat (File 2), and Lotus 1-2-3 binary spreadsheet file compare.wk1 (File 5) contains the same information as the corresponding ASCII file compare.dat (File 4). Table 3, which describes the contents and format of ndp050.dat, also indicates the column of ndp050.wk1 in which each variable is found, and Table 4, which describes the contents and format of compare.dat, also indicates the column of compare.wk1 in which each variable is found. 11. SAS AND FORTRAN CODES TO ACCESS THE DATA The following is SAS code to read file ndp050.dat. /*** SAS code to read ndp050.dat ***/ data ndp050; infile 'ndp050.dat' firstobs=10; input YEAR 5-8 NAM 11-16 SCAM 22-27 EUROPE 31-36 NAFRME 45-49 TRAFR 54-59 FSU 64-69 CHINA 74-79 SSEASIA 84-90 PACDR 97-101 TOTAL 104-111; run; The following is Fortran code to read file ndp050.dat. C *** Fortran program to read the file "ndp050.dat" C *** from Houghton's CDIAC NDP-050 that corresponds C *** with the 1999 Tellus article. C INTEGER YEAR REAL NAM, SCAM, EUROPE, NAFRME, TRAFR, FSU, CHINA, + SSEASIA, PACDR, TOTAL C OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='ndp050.dat') C C *** SKIP OVER HEADER INFO. 9 READ (1,100) 100 FORMAT (////////) C *** READ DATA 10 READ (1,101,END=99) YEAR, NAM, SCAM, EUROPE, NAFRME, + TRAFR, FSU, CHINA, SSEASIA, PACDR, TOTAL 101 FORMAT (4X,I4,2X,F6.2,5X,F6.2,3X,F6.2,8X,F5.2,4X, + F6.2,4X,F6.2,4X,F6.2,4X,F7.2,6X,F5.2,2X,F8.3) C GO TO 10 99 CLOSE (UNIT=1) STOP END The following is SAS code to read file compare.dat. /*** SAS code to read compare.dat ***/ data compare; infile 'compare.dat' firstobs=14; input YEAR 1-4 HETAL83 13-18 HS90 31-36 HH95 51-55 H99 63-67; run; The following is Fortran code to read file compare.dat. C *** Fortran program to read the file "compare.dat" C *** from Houghton's CDIAC NDP-050 that corresponds C *** with the 1999 Tellus article. C INTEGER YEAR REAL HETAL83, HS90, HH95, H99 C OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='compare.dat') C *** SKIP OVER HEADER INFORMATION 9 READ (1,100) 100 FORMAT (////////////) C *** READ DATA 10 READ (1,101,END=99) YEAR, HETAL83, HS90, HH95, H99 101 FORMAT (I4,8X,F6.3,12X,F6.3,14X,F5.3,7X,F5.3) C GO TO 10 99 CLOSE (UNIT=1) STOP END **************************************************************************************************** APPENDIX A. ECOSYSTEM AREA BY REGION This listing indicates the area (in units of 106 hectare) in different ecosystems for the nine regions in this database, for the years 1700, 1850, and 1990, along with the percent change from 1850 to 1990. The values in this listing replace the values in files areas.* in Houghton and Hackler (1995), the previous version of this database. Missing values are denoted by -9999. % Change 1700 1850 1990 1850-1990 North America Temperate evergreen forest 236 222 215 -0.03 Temperate deciduous forest 157 125 118 -0.06 Boreal forest 325 325 322 -0.01 Temperate woodland/shrubland 302 302 292 -0.03 Temperate grassland 568 481 172 -0.64 South and Central America Tropical evergreen forest -9999 310 299 -0.03 Tropical seasonal forest -9999 756 604 -0.20 Tropical open forest -9999 427 287 -0.33 Temperate evergreen forest -9999 67 57 -0.15 Temperate seasonal forest -9999 58 56 -0.03 Europe Temperate evergreen forest 85 66 72 0.10 Temperate deciduous forest 65 56 56 -0.01 Boreal forest 35 28 27 0.00 Temperate woodland/shrubland 45 45 45 0.00 Temperate grassland 88 42 27 -0.36 North Africa and the Middle East Temperate evergreen forest 17.7 16 7 -0.56 Tropical moist forest 2.1 2 2 0.00 Tropical grassland 90 86 44 -0.49 Desert scrub 979 961 793 -0.17 Tropical woodland/shrubland 32.4 31 19 -0.40 Tropical Africa Closed forest -9999 605 553 -0.09 Open forest -9999 198 105 -0.47 Former Soviet Union Temperate evergreen forest 88 88 88 0.00 Temperate deciduous forest 121 78 54 -0.31 Boreal forest 613 613 613 0.00 Temperate woodland/shrubland 186 186 186 0.00 Temperate grassland 175 144 31 -0.78 China Temperate evergreen forest 122 49 82 0.66 Temperate deciduous forest 103 76 48 -0.38 Temperate grassland 723 586 439 -0.25 Tropical moist forest 18 14 8 -0.43 South and Southeast Asia Tropical moist forest -9999 177 94 -0.47 Tropical seasonal forest -9999 179 89 -0.50 Tropical open forest -9999 52 40 -0.23 Tropical grassland -9999 55 36 -0.35 Pacific Developed Region Temperate evergreen forest 14 14 14 0.00 Temperate deciduous forest 14 14 14 0.00 Tropical moist forest 72 72 64 -0.12 Tropical grassland 497 496 70 -0.86 Tropical woodland/shrubland 120 120 106 -0.11 ************************************************************************************************** APPENDIX B. REGIONAL LAND-USE CHANGE AND WOOD HARVEST DATA The following listing provides the regional details of fuelwood (nonindustrial logging) and timber (industrial logging) harvest by forest type, changes in area of pasture, forest plantation, afforestation, forest clearing for croplands, and lands in shifting cultivation. The values in this listing replace the values in the indicated ascii and binary spreadsheet files in Houghton and Hackler (1995), the previous version of this database. South and Southeast Asia The following values replace the data in files asia-rat.* in Houghton and Hackler (1995). South and Southeast Asia Fuelwood Harvest (10^6 Mg C per year): Tropical Tropical Tropical moist seasonal open Year forest forest forest 1751 8.58 10.50 4.50 1752 8.58 10.50 4.50 1753 8.58 10.50 4.50 1754 8.58 10.50 4.50 1755 8.58 10.50 4.50 1756 8.58 10.50 4.50 1757 8.58 10.50 4.50 1758 8.58 10.50 4.50 1759 8.58 10.50 4.50 1760 8.58 10.50 4.50 1761 8.58 10.50 4.50 1762 8.58 10.50 4.50 1763 8.58 10.50 4.50 1764 8.58 10.50 4.50 1765 8.58 10.50 4.50 1766 8.58 10.50 4.50 1767 8.58 10.50 4.50 1768 8.58 10.50 4.50 1769 8.58 10.50 4.50 1770 8.58 10.50 4.50 1771 8.58 10.50 4.50 1772 8.58 10.50 4.50 1773 8.58 10.50 4.50 1774 8.58 10.50 4.50 1775 8.58 10.50 4.50 1776 8.58 10.50 4.50 1777 8.58 10.50 4.50 1778 8.58 10.50 4.50 1779 8.58 10.50 4.50 1780 8.58 10.50 4.50 1781 8.58 10.50 4.50 1782 8.58 10.50 4.50 1783 8.58 10.50 4.50 1784 8.58 10.50 4.50 1785 8.58 10.50 4.50 1786 8.58 10.50 4.50 1787 8.58 10.50 4.50 1788 8.58 10.50 4.50 1789 8.58 10.50 4.50 1790 8.58 10.50 4.50 1791 8.58 10.50 4.50 1792 8.58 10.50 4.50 1793 8.58 10.50 4.50 1794 8.58 10.50 4.50 1795 8.58 10.50 4.50 1796 8.58 10.50 4.50 1797 8.58 10.50 4.50 1798 8.58 10.50 4.50 1799 8.58 10.50 4.50 1800 8.58 10.50 4.50 1801 8.58 10.50 4.50 1802 8.62 10.55 4.52 1803 8.66 10.60 4.54 1804 8.70 10.65 4.56 1805 8.74 10.70 4.59 1806 8.78 10.75 4.61 1807 8.82 10.80 4.63 1808 8.86 10.85 4.65 1809 8.90 10.90 4.67 1810 8.94 10.95 4.69 1811 8.98 11.00 4.71 1812 9.03 11.05 4.74 1813 9.07 11.10 4.76 1814 9.11 11.15 4.78 1815 9.15 11.20 4.80 1816 9.19 11.25 4.82 1817 9.23 11.30 4.84 1818 9.27 11.35 4.86 1819 9.31 11.40 4.89 1820 9.35 11.45 4.91 1821 9.39 11.50 4.93 1822 9.43 11.55 4.95 1823 9.47 11.60 4.97 1824 9.52 11.65 4.99 1825 9.56 11.70 5.01 1826 9.60 11.75 5.04 1827 9.64 11.80 5.06 1828 9.68 11.85 5.08 1829 9.72 11.90 5.10 1830 9.76 11.95 5.12 1831 9.80 12.00 5.14 1832 9.84 12.05 5.16 1833 9.88 12.10 5.19 1834 9.92 12.15 5.21 1835 9.96 12.20 5.23 1836 10.01 12.25 5.25 1837 10.05 12.30 5.27 1838 10.09 12.35 5.29 1839 10.13 12.40 5.31 1840 10.17 12.45 5.34 1841 10.21 12.50 5.36 1842 10.25 12.55 5.38 1843 10.29 12.60 5.40 1844 10.33 12.65 5.42 1845 10.37 12.70 5.44 1846 10.41 12.75 5.46 1847 10.45 12.80 5.49 1848 10.50 12.85 5.51 1849 10.54 12.90 5.53 1850 10.58 12.95 5.55 1851 10.66 13.05 5.59 1852 10.74 13.15 5.63 1853 10.82 13.24 5.68 1854 10.90 13.34 5.72 1855 10.98 13.44 5.76 1856 11.06 13.54 5.80 1857 11.14 13.64 5.84 1858 11.22 13.73 5.89 1859 11.30 13.83 5.93 1860 11.38 13.93 5.97 1861 11.46 14.03 6.01 1862 11.54 14.13 6.05 1863 11.62 14.22 6.10 1864 11.70 14.32 6.14 1865 11.78 14.42 6.18 1866 11.86 14.52 6.22 1867 11.94 14.62 6.26 1868 12.02 14.71 6.31 1869 12.10 14.81 6.35 1870 12.18 14.91 6.39 1871 12.26 15.01 6.43 1872 12.34 15.11 6.47 1873 12.42 15.20 6.52 1874 12.50 15.30 6.56 1875 12.58 15.40 6.60 1876 12.66 15.50 6.64 1877 12.74 15.60 6.68 1878 12.82 15.69 6.73 1879 12.90 15.79 6.77 1880 12.98 15.89 6.81 1881 13.06 15.99 6.85 1882 13.14 16.09 6.89 1883 13.22 16.18 6.94 1884 13.30 16.28 6.98 1885 13.38 16.38 7.02 1886 13.46 16.48 7.06 1887 13.54 16.58 7.10 1888 13.62 16.67 7.15 1889 13.70 16.77 7.19 1890 13.78 16.87 7.23 1891 13.86 16.97 7.27 1892 13.94 17.07 7.31 1893 14.02 17.16 7.36 1894 14.10 17.26 7.40 1895 14.18 17.36 7.44 1896 14.26 17.46 7.48 1897 14.34 17.56 7.52 1898 14.42 17.65 7.57 1899 14.50 17.75 7.61 1900 14.58 17.85 7.65 1901 14.69 17.99 7.71 1902 14.81 18.13 7.77 1903 14.92 18.27 7.83 1904 15.04 18.41 7.89 1905 15.15 18.55 7.95 1906 15.27 18.69 8.01 1907 15.38 18.83 8.07 1908 15.49 18.97 8.13 1909 15.61 19.11 8.19 1910 15.72 19.25 8.25 1911 15.84 19.39 8.31 1912 15.95 19.53 8.37 1913 16.07 19.67 8.43 1914 16.18 19.81 8.49 1915 16.29 19.95 8.55 1916 16.41 20.09 8.61 1917 16.52 20.23 8.67 1918 16.64 20.37 8.73 1919 16.75 20.51 8.79 1920 16.87 20.65 8.85 1921 16.98 20.79 8.91 1922 17.10 20.93 8.97 1923 17.21 21.07 9.03 1924 17.32 21.21 9.09 1925 17.44 21.35 9.15 1926 17.71 21.69 9.29 1927 17.99 22.02 9.44 1928 18.26 22.36 9.58 1929 18.54 22.69 9.73 1930 18.81 23.03 9.87 1931 19.08 23.37 10.01 1932 19.36 23.70 10.16 1933 19.63 24.04 10.30 1934 19.91 24.37 10.45 1935 20.18 24.71 10.59 1936 20.46 25.05 10.73 1937 20.73 25.38 10.88 1938 21.01 25.72 11.02 1939 21.28 26.05 11.17 1940 21.55 26.39 11.31 1941 21.83 26.73 11.45 1942 22.10 27.06 11.60 1943 22.38 27.40 11.74 1944 22.65 27.73 11.89 1945 22.93 28.07 12.03 1946 23.20 28.41 12.17 1947 23.48 28.74 12.32 1948 23.75 29.08 12.46 1949 24.02 29.41 12.61 1950 24.30 29.75 12.75 1951 25.04 30.66 13.14 1952 25.79 31.57 13.53 1953 26.53 32.48 13.92 1954 27.27 33.39 14.31 1955 28.02 34.30 14.70 1956 28.76 35.21 15.09 1957 29.50 36.12 15.48 1958 30.25 37.03 15.87 1959 30.99 37.94 16.26 1960 31.73 38.85 16.65 1961 32.47 39.76 17.04 1962 33.17 40.67 17.43 1963 33.86 41.58 17.82 1964 34.63 42.49 18.21 1965 35.48 43.40 18.60 1966 36.32 44.31 18.99 1967 37.29 45.22 19.38 1968 38.31 46.13 19.77 1969 39.41 47.04 20.16 1970 40.50 47.95 20.55 1971 41.75 48.86 20.94 1972 42.92 49.77 21.33 1973 43.94 50.68 21.72 1974 45.51 51.59 22.11 1975 47.22 52.50 22.50 1976 48.17 53.76 23.04 1977 49.03 55.02 23.58 1978 49.89 56.28 24.12 1979 50.76 57.54 24.66 1980 51.82 58.80 25.20 1981 53.04 60.13 25.77 1982 54.11 61.46 26.34 1983 55.23 62.79 26.91 1984 56.46 64.12 27.48 1985 57.79 65.45 28.05 1986 58.93 66.78 28.62 1987 59.95 68.11 29.19 1988 61.04 69.44 29.76 1989 62.21 70.77 30.33 1990 63.59 72.10 30.90 1991 64.61 72.10 30.90 1992 67.58 72.10 30.90 1993 70.94 72.10 30.90 1994 74.01 72.10 30.90 1995 77.04 72.10 30.90 South and Southeast Asia Timber Harvest (10^6 Mg C per year): Tropical Tropical Tropical moist seasonal open Year forest forest forest 1750 1.26 0.80 0.00 1751 1.27 0.80 0.00 1752 1.27 0.80 0.00 1753 1.28 0.81 0.00 1754 1.29 0.81 0.00 1755 1.29 0.81 0.00 1756 1.30 0.81 0.00 1757 1.30 0.81 0.00 1758 1.31 0.82 0.00 1759 1.31 0.82 0.00 1760 1.32 0.82 0.00 1761 1.32 0.82 0.00 1762 1.33 0.82 0.00 1763 1.33 0.83 0.00 1764 1.34 0.83 0.00 1765 1.34 0.83 0.00 1766 1.35 0.83 0.00 1767 1.35 0.83 0.00 1768 1.36 0.84 0.00 1769 1.37 0.84 0.00 1770 1.37 0.84 0.00 1771 1.38 0.84 0.00 1772 1.38 0.84 0.00 1773 1.39 0.85 0.00 1774 1.39 0.85 0.00 1775 1.40 0.85 0.00 1776 1.40 0.85 0.00 1777 1.41 0.85 0.00 1778 1.41 0.86 0.00 1779 1.42 0.86 0.00 1780 1.42 0.86 0.00 1781 1.43 0.86 0.00 1782 1.44 0.86 0.00 1783 1.44 0.87 0.00 1784 1.45 0.87 0.00 1785 1.45 0.87 0.00 1786 1.46 0.87 0.00 1787 1.46 0.87 0.00 1788 1.47 0.88 0.00 1789 1.47 0.88 0.00 1790 1.48 0.88 0.00 1791 1.48 0.88 0.00 1792 1.49 0.88 0.00 1793 1.49 0.89 0.00 1794 1.50 0.89 0.00 1795 1.51 0.89 0.00 1796 1.51 0.89 0.00 1797 1.52 0.89 0.00 1798 1.52 0.90 0.00 1799 1.53 0.90 0.00 1800 1.53 0.90 0.00 1801 1.54 0.90 0.00 1802 1.54 0.90 0.00 1803 1.55 0.91 0.00 1804 1.55 0.91 0.00 1805 1.56 0.91 0.00 1806 1.56 0.91 0.00 1807 1.57 0.91 0.00 1808 1.58 0.92 0.00 1809 1.58 0.92 0.00 1810 1.59 0.92 0.00 1811 1.59 0.92 0.00 1812 1.60 0.92 0.00 1813 1.60 0.93 0.00 1814 1.61 0.93 0.00 1815 1.61 0.93 0.00 1816 1.62 0.93 0.00 1817 1.62 0.93 0.00 1818 1.63 0.94 0.00 1819 1.63 0.94 0.00 1820 1.64 0.94 0.00 1821 1.64 0.94 0.00 1822 1.65 0.94 0.00 1823 1.66 0.95 0.00 1824 1.66 0.95 0.00 1825 1.67 0.95 0.00 1826 1.67 0.95 0.00 1827 1.68 0.95 0.00 1828 1.68 0.96 0.00 1829 1.69 0.96 0.00 1830 1.69 0.96 0.00 1831 1.70 0.96 0.00 1832 1.70 0.96 0.00 1833 1.71 0.97 0.00 1834 1.71 0.97 0.00 1835 1.72 0.97 0.00 1836 1.73 0.97 0.00 1837 1.73 0.97 0.00 1838 1.74 0.98 0.00 1839 1.74 0.98 0.00 1840 1.75 0.98 0.00 1841 1.75 0.98 0.00 1842 1.76 0.98 0.00 1843 1.76 0.99 0.00 1844 1.77 0.99 0.00 1845 1.77 0.99 0.00 1846 1.78 0.99 0.00 1847 1.78 0.99 0.00 1848 1.79 1.00 0.00 1849 1.80 1.00 0.00 1850 1.80 1.00 0.00 1851 1.81 1.01 0.00 1852 1.82 1.02 0.00 1853 1.82 1.02 0.00 1854 1.83 1.03 0.00 1855 1.84 1.04 0.00 1856 1.85 1.05 0.00 1857 1.86 1.06 0.00 1858 1.86 1.06 0.00 1859 1.87 1.07 0.00 1860 1.88 1.08 0.00 1861 1.89 1.09 0.00 1862 1.90 1.10 0.00 1863 1.90 1.10 0.00 1864 1.91 1.11 0.00 1865 1.92 1.12 0.00 1866 1.93 1.13 0.00 1867 1.94 1.14 0.00 1868 1.94 1.14 0.00 1869 1.95 1.15 0.00 1870 1.96 1.16 0.00 1871 1.97 1.17 0.00 1872 1.98 1.18 0.00 1873 1.98 1.18 0.00 1874 1.99 1.19 0.00 1875 2.00 1.20 0.00 1876 2.02 1.21 0.00 1877 2.04 1.22 0.00 1878 2.06 1.24 0.00 1879 2.08 1.25 0.00 1880 2.10 1.26 0.00 1881 2.12 1.27 0.00 1882 2.14 1.28 0.00 1883 2.16 1.30 0.00 1884 2.18 1.31 0.00 1885 2.20 1.32 0.00 1886 2.22 1.33 0.00 1887 2.24 1.34 0.00 1888 2.26 1.36 0.00 1889 2.28 1.37 0.00 1890 2.30 1.38 0.00 1891 2.32 1.39 0.00 1892 2.34 1.40 0.00 1893 2.36 1.42 0.00 1894 2.38 1.43 0.00 1895 2.40 1.44 0.00 1896 2.42 1.45 0.00 1897 2.44 1.46 0.00 1898 2.46 1.48 0.00 1899 2.48 1.49 0.00 1900 2.50 1.50 0.00 1901 2.52 1.51 0.00 1902 2.54 1.52 0.00 1903 2.56 1.52 0.00 1904 2.58 1.53 0.00 1905 2.60 1.54 0.00 1906 2.62 1.55 0.00 1907 2.64 1.56 0.00 1908 2.66 1.56 0.00 1909 2.68 1.57 0.00 1910 2.70 1.58 0.00 1911 2.72 1.59 0.00 1912 2.74 1.60 0.00 1913 2.76 1.60 0.00 1914 2.78 1.61 0.00 1915 2.80 1.62 0.00 1916 2.82 1.63 0.00 1917 2.84 1.64 0.00 1918 2.86 1.64 0.00 1919 2.88 1.65 0.00 1920 2.90 1.66 0.00 1921 2.92 1.67 0.00 1922 2.94 1.68 0.00 1923 2.96 1.68 0.00 1924 2.98 1.69 0.00 1925 3.00 1.70 0.00 1926 3.04 1.71 0.00 1927 3.08 1.72 0.00 1928 3.12 1.74 0.00 1929 3.16 1.75 0.00 1930 3.20 1.76 0.00 1931 3.24 1.77 0.00 1932 3.28 1.78 0.00 1933 3.32 1.80 0.00 1934 3.36 1.81 0.00 1935 3.40 1.82 0.00 1936 3.44 1.83 0.00 1937 3.48 1.84 0.00 1938 3.52 1.86 0.00 1939 3.56 1.87 0.00 1940 3.60 1.88 0.00 1941 3.64 1.89 0.00 1942 3.68 1.90 0.00 1943 3.72 1.92 0.00 1944 3.76 1.93 0.00 1945 3.80 1.94 0.00 1946 3.84 1.95 0.00 1947 3.88 1.96 0.00 1948 3.92 1.98 0.00 1949 3.96 1.99 0.00 1950 4.00 2.00 0.00 1951 4.50 2.25 0.00 1952 5.00 2.50 0.00 1953 5.50 2.75 0.00 1954 6.00 3.00 0.00 1955 6.50 3.25 0.00 1956 7.00 3.50 0.00 1957 7.50 3.75 0.00 1958 8.00 4.00 0.00 1959 8.50 4.25 0.00 1960 9.00 4.50 0.00 1961 9.70 4.65 0.00 1962 10.40 4.80 0.00 1963 11.10 4.95 0.00 1964 11.80 5.10 0.00 1965 12.50 5.25 0.00 1966 13.20 5.40 0.00 1967 13.90 5.55 0.00 1968 14.60 5.70 0.00 1969 15.30 5.85 0.00 1970 16.00 6.00 0.00 1971 16.50 6.30 0.00 1972 17.00 6.60 0.00 1973 17.50 6.90 0.00 1974 18.00 7.20 0.00 1975 18.50 7.50 0.00 1976 19.00 7.80 0.00 1977 19.50 8.10 0.00 1978 20.00 8.40 0.00 1979 20.50 8.70 0.00 1980 21.00 9.00 0.00 1981 21.83 9.37 0.00 1982 22.67 9.73 0.00 1983 23.50 10.10 0.00 1984 24.33 10.47 0.00 1985 25.17 10.83 0.00 1986 26.00 11.20 0.00 1987 26.83 11.57 0.00 1988 27.67 11.93 0.00 1989 28.50 12.30 0.00 1990 28.50 12.30 0.00 1991 31.22 13.47 0.00 1992 32.00 13.81 0.00 1993 30.02 12.95 0.00 1994 28.68 12.38 0.00 1995 28.49 12.29 0.00 South and Southeast Asia Forest Clearing for Croplands (stepped changes between dates) (10^6 hectares per year): Tropical Tropical Tropical moist seasonal open Years forest forest forest 1750-1799 0.000 0.000 0.000 1800-1809 0.008 0.272 0.000 1810-1829 0.027 0.268 0.000 1830-1849 0.038 0.459 0.000 1850-1869 0.040 0.450 0.000 1870-1889 0.081 0.626 0.000 1890-1904 0.136 0.702 0.040 1905-1911 0.178 0.708 0.070 1912-1914 0.178 0.468 0.070 1915-1924 0.238 0.446 0.060 1925-1934 0.230 0.409 0.058 1935-1944 0.227 0.630 0.007 1945-1947 0.347 1.194 0.157 1948-1951 0.347 1.184 0.157 1952-1956 0.357 0.576 0.123 1957-1961 0.160 0.804 0.240 1962-1966 0.293 0.676 0.187 1967-1969 0.360 0.597 0.263 1970-1971 0.360 0.417 0.263 1972-1974 0.576 0.780 0.184 1975-1979 1.200 0.860 0.103 1980-1985 2.711 1.035 0.207 1986-1990 2.721 0.765 0.206 1991-1995 2.271 0.639 0.172 South and Southeast Asia Lands in Shifting Cultivation Cycle (linear change between dates) (10^6 hectares per year): Tropical Tropical Tropical moist seasonal open Years forest forest forest 1750-1801 3.73 0.00 0.35 1802-1939 3.73 0.00 0.35 1940-1944 3.85 0.00 0.36 1945-1949 3.93 0.00 0.36 1950-1954 4.09 0.00 0.37 1955-1959 4.17 0.00 0.38 1960-1964 4.35 0.00 0.39 1965-1969 4.63 0.00 0.40 1970-1974 4.85 0.00 0.40 1975-1979 5.25 0.00 0.42 1980-1985 5.69 0.00 0.42 1986-1990 6.15 0.00 0.44 1991-1995 6.25 0.00 0.44 China The following values replace the data in files chin-rat.* in Houghton and Hackler (1995). China Clearing for Croplands (10^6 hectares per year): Temperate Temperate Tropical evergreen deciduous moist Temperate Years forest forest forest grassland 1700-1701 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1702-1872 0.046 0.182 0.030 0.046 1873-1912 0.038 0.152 0.025 0.038 1913-1932 0.055 0.220 0.037 0.055 1933-1953 0.000 0.300 0.049 0.150 1954-1964 0.000 0.470 0.112 0.540 1965-1969 0.000 0.480 0.097 0.390 1970-1979 0.000 0.000 0.065 0.590 1980-1990 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 China Afforestation (10^6 hectares per year): Years Temperate evergreen forest 1700-1710 0.00 1951-1970 1.40 1971-1980 2.40 1981-1990 0.38 China Wood Harvest (10^6 Mg C per year): Tropical Temperate Temperate moist evergreen deciduous Years forest forest forest 1700-1859 0.8 3.7 4.6 1860-1874 2.0 10.0 12.0 1875-1899 2.0 10.0 12.0 1900-1924 2.0 11.0 13.0 1925-1949 3.0 12.0 15.0 1950-1969 3.0 13.0 16.0 1970-1979 5.0 22.0 27.0 1980-1980 5.0 25.0 31.0 1981-1990 6.7 31.7 38.6 China Lands in Pasture (10^6 hectares per year): Years Temperate grassland 1700-1701 1.0 1702-1780 0.9 1781-1860 0.6 1861-1875 0.6 1876-1900 0.8 1901-1925 0.8 1926-1950 2.1 1951-1970 0.8 1971-1980 0.4 1981-1990 0.0 Europe The following values replace the data in files euro-rat.* in Houghton and Hackler (1995). Europe Clearing for Croplands (10^6 hectares per year): Temperate Temperate evergreen deciduous Boreal Temperate Years forest forest forest grassland 1700-1701 0.0600 0.0600 0.0500 0.2600 1702-1869 0.0600 0.0600 0.0500 0.2600 1870-1959 0.0200 0.0200 0.0170 0.0860 1960-1961 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1962-1969 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1970-1974 -0.2000 -0.2000 -0.2000 -0.2000 1975-1980 -0.2000 -0.2000 -0.2000 -0.2000 1981-1990 -0.0506 -0.0506 -0.0506 -0.0506 Europe Afforestation (10^6 hectares per year): Years Temperate evergreen forest 1700-1710 0.00 1711-1711 0.00 1712-1800 0.00 1801-1849 0.02 1850-1875 0.02 1876-1900 0.03 1901-1925 0.05 1926-1950 0.08 1951-1980 0.08 1981-1990 0.08 Europe Wood Harvest (10^6 Mg C per year): Temperate Temperate evergreen deciduous Boreal Year forest forest forest 1700 12.0 10.0 2.0 1860 26.0 22.0 5.0 1875 29.0 24.0 5.0 1900 35.0 30.0 6.0 1925 44.0 37.0 8.0 1950 41.0 35.0 7.0 1970 49.0 41.0 8.0 1980 44.0 38.0 8.0 1981-1990 51.8 43.9 9.1 Europe Lands in Pasture (10^6 hectares per year): Years Temperate grassland 1700-1701 0.05 1702-1780 0.05 1781-1860 0.05 1861-1875 0.05 1876-1900 0.05 1901-1925 0.05 1926-1950 0.00 1951-1970 0.00 1971-1980 0.00 1981-1990 0.00 Former Soviet Union The following values replace the data in files fsu-rat.* in Houghton and Hackler (1995). Former Soviet Union Clearing for Croplands (10^6 hectares per year): Years Temperate deciduous forest Temperate grassland 1700-1860 0.288 0.206 1861-1911 0.098 0.588 1912-1939 0.148 1.111 1940-1949 -0.333 -0.111 1950-1957 1.429 5.714 1958-1968 0.364 0.636 1969-1970 -0.065 -0.065 1971-1974 -0.065 -0.065 1975-1976 0.038 0.038 1977-1980 0.038 0.038 1981-1984 0.022 0.022 1985-1990 -0.072 -0.409 Former Soviet Union Timber Harvest (10^6 Mg C per year): Years Temperate deciduous forest Boreal forest 1700-1701 0.00 0.00 1702-1850 0.36 1.44 1851-1919 3.72 14.88 1914-1932 9.88 39.52 1933-1945 10.10 40.40 1946-1960 22.18 88.72 1961-1970 23.10 92.40 1971-1975 22.26 89.04 1976-1980 21.42 85.68 1981-1985 21.42 85.68 1986-1990 23.96 95.84 Former Soviet Union Fuelwood Harvest (10^6 Mg C per year): Years Temperate deciduous forest Boreal forest 1700-1701 0.000 0.000 1702-1850 14.364 23.436 1851-1919 26.448 43.152 1914-1932 25.422 41.478 1933-1945 15.960 26.040 1946-1960 4.560 7.440 1961-1970 4.218 6.882 1971-1975 3.990 6.510 1976-1980 3.762 6.138 1981-1990 3.762 6.138 North Africa and the Middle East The following values replace the data in files nafm-rat.* in Houghton and Hackler (1995). North Africa and the Middle East Clearing for Croplands (10^6 hectares per year): Temperate Tropical evergreen Tropical Desert woodland/ Years forest grassland scrub shrubland 1700-1701 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1702-1859 0.014 0.024 0.000 0.010 1860-1899 0.066 0.111 0.000 0.044 1900-1924 0.091 0.151 0.000 0.060 1925-1949 0.150 0.410 0.100 0.170 1950-1964 0.000 0.640 0.510 0.130 1965-1979 0.000 0.730 0.590 0.150 1980-1990 0.000 0.297 0.238 0.061 North Africa and the Middle East Wood Harvest (10^6 Mg C per year): Year Temperate evergreen forest Tropical moist forest 1700 0.90 0.50 1860 1.00 1.00 1875 1.00 1.00 1900 2.00 1.00 1925 2.00 1.00 1950 3.00 2.00 1970 6.00 3.00 1980 7.00 4.00 1990 10.94 6.25 North Africa and the Middle East Lands in Pasture (10^6 hectares per year): Years Desert scrub 1700-1701 0.1 1702-1780 0.1 1781-1860 0.2 1861-1875 0.5 1876-1900 0.7 1901-1925 1.5 1926-1950 2.1 1951-1970 1.3 1971-1990 0.5 North America The following values replace the data in files nam-rat.* in Houghton and Hackler (1995). North America Clearing for Croplands (10^6 hectares per year): Temperate forest Temperate Temperate forest (abandonment) Boreal woodland/ Temperate Years evergreen deciduous evergreen deciduous forest shrubland grassland 1700-1701 0.135 0.315 -0.045 -0.105 0.00 0.000 0.000 1702-1849 0.135 0.315 -0.045 -0.105 0.00 0.000 0.000 1850-1889 0.135 0.135 -0.045 -0.045 0.03 0.090 1.200 1890-1927 0.210 0.210 -0.070 -0.070 0.05 0.140 1.810 1928-1949 0.045 0.045 -0.015 -0.015 0.01 0.030 0.400 1950-1969 0.010 0.010 -0.010 -0.010 0.00 0.000 0.000 1970-1979 0.010 0.010 -0.100 -0.100 0.00 0.000 -0.020 1980-1990 -0.122 -0.122 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.000 -0.027 North America Wood Harvest (10^6 Mg C per year): Temperate Temperate evergreen deciduous Boreal Year forest forest forest 1700 1.4 1.2 2.3 1860 30.0 26.0 51.0 1875 37.0 31.0 62.0 1900 36.0 31.0 61.0 1925 38.0 32.0 64.0 1950 33.0 28.0 55.0 1970 38.0 32.0 63.0 1980 41.0 35.0 69.0 1990 55.1 46.8 92.5 North America Lands in Pasture (10^6 hectares per year): Years Temperate grassland 1700-1701 0.3 1702-1780 0.6 1781-1860 0.9 1861-1875 1.8 1876-1900 3.6 1901-1925 1.6 1926-1950 0.1 1951-1970 0.0 1971-1990 0.0 Pacific Developed Region The following values replace the data in files pcdv-rat.* in Houghton and Hackler (1995). Pacific Developed Region Clearing for Croplands (10^6 hectares per year): Tropical Tropical moist Tropical woodland/ Years forest grassland shrubland 1700-1869 0.001 0.004 0.002 1870-1949 0.038 0.152 0.064 1950-1969 0.220 0.860 0.360 1970-1979 0.030 0.120 0.050 1980-1990 0.051 2.000 0.084 Pacific Developed Region Wood Harvest (10^6 Mg C per year): Temperate Temperate Tropical evergreen deciduous moist Years forest forest forest 1700-1701 3.8 4.5 1.2 1702-1859 5.0 6.0 1.0 1860-1874 5.0 6.0 2.0 1875-1899 7.0 8.0 2.0 1900-1924 9.0 11.0 3.0 1925-1949 12.0 14.0 4.0 1950-1969 12.0 13.0 3.0 1970-1979 10.0 12.0 3.0 1980-1990 6.9 8.2 2.1 Pacific Developed Region Lands in Pasture (10^6 hectares per year): Tropical Desert Years grassland scrub 1700-1701 0.0 0.0 1702-1780 0.0 0.0 1781-1860 0.0 0.0 1861-1875 0.0 0.0 1876-1900 0.0 0.0 1901-1925 8.0 2.6 1926-1950 7.8 1.7 1951-1970 0.6 0.2 1971-1990 0.6 0.2 South and Central America The following values replace the data in files scam-rat.* in Houghton and Hackler (1995). South and Central America Lands in Forest Plantation (10^6 hectares per year): Years Tropical seasonal forest 1800-1948 0.000 1949-1954 0.040 1955-1957 0.040 1958-1962 0.079 1963-1967 0.127 1968-1977 0.228 1978-1982 0.410 1983-1990 0.535 South and Central America Clearing for Croplands (10^6 hectares per year): Tropical Tropical Warm Temperate equatorial seasonal Tropical coniferous broadleaf Desert Years forest forest woodland forest forest Grassland scrub 1800-1849 0.0037 0.0267 0.0147 0.0037 0.0009 0.0414 0.0009 1850-1859 0.0037 0.0267 0.0147 0.0037 0.0009 0.0414 0.0009 1860-1869 0.0082 0.0595 0.0328 0.0082 0.0021 0.0923 0.0021 1870-1879 0.0082 0.0595 0.0328 0.0082 0.0021 0.0923 0.0021 1880-1889 0.0264 0.1910 0.1056 0.0264 0.0066 0.2970 0.0066 1890-1899 0.0240 0.1740 0.0960 0.0240 0.0060 0.2700 0.0060 1900-1909 0.0864 0.6260 0.3456 0.0864 0.0216 0.9720 0.0216 1910-1919 -0.0032 -0.0232 -0.0128 -0.0032 -0.0008 -0.0360 -0.0008 1920-1929 0.0616 0.4470 0.2464 0.0616 0.0154 0.6930 0.0154 1930-1939 0.0572 0.4150 0.2288 0.0572 0.0143 0.6440 0.0143 1940-1949 0.0292 0.2120 0.1168 0.0292 0.0073 0.3280 0.0073 1950-1959 0.0660 0.4780 0.2640 0.0660 0.0165 0.7420 0.0165 1960-1969 0.1740 1.2640 0.6976 0.1744 0.0436 1.9620 0.0436 1970-1979 0.1010 0.7310 0.4032 0.1008 0.0252 1.1340 0.0252 1980-1982 0.0460 0.3310 1.2480 0.0460 0.0110 0.5130 0.0110 1983-1984 0.0460 0.3310 1.2620 0.0460 0.0110 0.5130 0.0110 1986-1987 0.0460 0.3310 1.2860 0.0460 0.0110 0.5130 0.0110 1988-1989 0.0460 0.3310 0.9940 0.0460 0.0110 0.5130 0.0110 1990 0.0460 0.3310 0.7000 0.0460 0.0110 0.5130 0.0110 South and Central America Lands in Pasture (10^6 hectares per year): Tropical Tropical Warm Temperate equatorial seasonal Tropical coniferous broadleaf Desert Years forest forest woodland forest forest Grassland scrub 1800-1859 0.000 0.000 0.735 0.000 0.000 1.323 0.042 1860-1869 0.005 0.090 -0.210 0.005 0.000 -0.378 -0.012 1870-1879 0.000 0.000 0.525 0.000 0.000 0.945 0.030 1880-1889 0.005 0.090 1.330 0.005 0.000 2.394 0.076 1890-1899 0.005 0.090 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 1900-1909 0.005 0.090 0.770 0.005 0.000 1.386 0.044 1910-1919 0.015 0.270 0.420 0.015 0.000 0.756 0.024 1920-1929 0.015 0.270 -0.280 0.015 0.000 -0.504 -0.016 1930-1939 0.020 0.360 0.665 0.020 0.000 1.197 0.038 1940-1949 0.025 0.450 1.820 0.025 0.000 3.276 0.104 1950-1959 0.045 0.810 1.715 0.045 0.000 3.087 0.098 1960-1969 0.055 0.990 2.415 0.055 0.000 4.347 0.138 1970-1979 0.075 1.350 0.210 0.075 0.000 0.378 0.012 1980-1982 0.060 1.752 0.000 0.060 0.000 0.000 0.000 1983-1985 0.060 2.259 0.000 0.060 0.000 0.000 0.000 1986-1987 0.060 2.660 0.000 0.060 0.000 0.000 0.000 1988-1989 0.060 2.480 0.000 0.060 0.000 0.000 0.000 1990 0.060 2.039 0.000 0.060 0.000 0.000 0.000 South and Central America Wood Harvest (10^6 Mg C per year): Years Tropical seasonal forest Warm coniferous forest 1800-1801 0.416 0.301 1802-1874 0.518 0.378 1875-1899 0.832 0.602 1900-1924 1.978 1.428 1925-1949 3.953 2.860 1950-1974 12.080 8.720 1975-1979 18.720 13.540 1980-1984 21.420 15.500 1985-1990 21.420 15.500 South and Central America Lands in Shifting Cultivation (10^6 hectares per year): Years Tropical seasonal forest Tropical woodland 1800-1939 5.1176 9.3333 1940-1944 5.1376 9.3333 1945-1949 5.2976 9.3533 1950-1954 5.4176 9.4333 1955-1959 5.5376 9.4933 1960-1964 5.6376 9.5133 1965-1969 5.8176 9.5333 1970-1974 6.0776 9.5533 1975-1979 6.3376 9.5733 1980-1984 6.6556 9.5933 1985-1999 6.6556 9.5933 Tropical Africa The following values replace the data in files taf-rat.* in Houghton and Hackler (1995). Tropical Africa Forest Clearing (10^6 hectares per year): Years Closed forest Open forest 1800-1824 0.021 0.037 1825-1849 0.029 0.051 1850-1859 0.036 0.064 1860-1874 0.045 0.080 1875-1887 0.054 0.096 1885-1899 0.065 0.115 1900-1909 0.090 0.160 1910-1919 0.126 0.224 1920-1929 0.162 0.288 1930-1939 0.198 0.352 1940-1949 0.324 0.576 1950-1959 0.504 0.896 1960-1969 0.792 1.408 1970-1977 1.080 1.920 1978-1979 1.324 2.354 1980-1984 1.440 2.560 1985-1989 1.836 3.264 1990 2.160 3.840 ************************************************************************************************** APPENDIX C. REGIONAL CARBON-CHANGE COEFFICIENTS The following listing provides the regional values and coefficients associated with oxidation and recovery of carbon in vegetation, soils, and forest products. The values in this listing replace the values in the indicated ascii files and binary spreadsheet files in Houghton and Hackler (1995), the previous version of this database. The values for five kinds of response curve are provided herein: clearing response curve (changes in the carbon in vegetation and soils resulting from the clearing of natural ecosystems for croplands), pasture response curve (changes in the carbon in vegetation and soils resulting from the clearing of natural ecosystems for pasture), forest plantation response curve (changes in carbon in vegetation and soils following the clearing of forests for plantations), shifting cultivation response curve (changes in the carbon in vegetation and soils following the clearing of natural ecosystems for shifting cultivation), and logging response curve (changes in the carbon in vegetation following the harvest of forests and recovery; the amount of carbon in soils was assumed to be unchanged). The following values are provided in this appendix: Carbon in undisturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha): Carbon content of live vegetation before land-use change (or harvest) Carbon in crops (Mg C/ha): Carbon content of vegetation remaining in the ecosystem during the period of land-use change Carbon in disturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha): Carbon content of live vegetation, after land-use change (or harvest) but before initial recovery Carbon in recovered vegetation (Mg C/ha): Carbon content of live vegetation, after land-use change (or harvest) and initial recovery, but before it has returned to initial level Carbon in slash (Mg C/ha): Carbon content of dead vegetation left on-site during land-use change (or harvest) Carbon in undisturbed soil (Mg C/ha): Carbon content of soil before land-use change (or harvest) Carbon in recovered soil (Mg C/ha): Carbon content of soil, after initial oxidation and subsequent recovery, but before it has returned to initial level Soil carbon after initial rapid change (Mg C/ha): Carbon content of soil after initial oxidation resulting from land-use change Minimum soil carbon (Mg C/ha): Carbon content of soil following both initial (fast) oxidation and subsequent (slow) oxidation Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to recovered state (year): Length of time, in years, required for carbon content of vegetation, after land-use change (or harvest), to partially return to initial level Time for vegetation to return from recovered to primary state (year): Length of time, in years, required for carbon content of vegetation, after land-use change (or harvest) and partial recovery, to complete the full return to initial level Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to primary state (year): Length of time, in years, required for carbon content of vegetation, after land-use change (or harvest), to fully return to initial level Duration of initial rapid change (year): Length of time, in years, required for initial rapid oxidation of soil carbon after land-use change (or harvest) Time to minimum soil carbon (year): Length of time, in years, following initial rapid oxidation of soil carbon, until lowest level of soil carbon is achieved Time for soil carbon to return from minimum to recovered state (year): Length of time, in years, for carbon content of soil to partially return to initial level from lowest level Time for soil carbon to return from recovered to primary state (year): Length of time, in years, for carbon content of soil to complete full return to initial level Time for soil carbon to return from minimum to primary state (year): Length of time, in years, for carbon content of soil to fully return to initial level from lowest level Fraction of harvested vegetation assigned to decay pools (1-year, 10-year, 100-year, and 1000-year): Fraction of carbon in live vegetation removed from site that is oxidized with decay constants of 1 yr-1 (fuelwood), 0.1 yr-1 (pulp and paper products), 0.01 yr-1 (sawn wood, plywood, panels, and lumber), and 0.001 yr-1 (elemental carbon from burning), respectively. Fraction of harvested vegetation left to decay on-site: Fraction of carbon in vegetation that is killed and left on-site (i.e., slash) Rate constant for on-site decay (per year): Fraction of remaining carbon in dead vegetation left on-site (i.e., slash) that oxidizes in each year following land-use change (or harvest) In some cases, the specific meaning of a term will change according to the context (type of ecosystem, land use, or land-use change involved). Thus, "recovery" in the case of clearing for agriculture is measured from time of abandonment. In the case of shifting cultivation it is measured from the onset of the fallow period, and in a logged forest it is measured following the initial harvest. In the case of logging, a "recovered" system is a secondary forest that can be harvested again, and "crop" represents wood harvested. In the case of shifting cultivation, the "disturbed" state refers to the beginning of the fallow cycle, and the "recovered" state refers to the end of the fallow cycle; the "time for vegetation to return from disturbed to recovered state" represents the length of the fallow cycle. South and Southeast Asia (the following values replace the data in files asia-re.* and asia-sh.* in Houghton and Hackler 1995) South and Southeast Asia Clearing Response Curve: Tropical Tropical Tropical moist seasonal open forest forest forest Carbon in undisturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 250 150 60 Carbon in recovered vegetation (Mg C/ha) 175 105 42 Carbon in crops (Mg C/ha) 5 5 5 Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to recovered state (yr) 37 29 12 Time for vegetation to return from recovered to primary state (yr) 40 30 40 Carbon in undisturbed soil (Mg C/ha) 120 80 50 Carbon in recovered soil (Mg C/ha) 120 80 50 Soil carbon after initial rapid change (Mg C/ha) 96 64 40 Minimum soil carbon (Mg C/ha) 84 56 37 Duration of initial rapid change (yr) 5 5 5 Time to minimum soil carbon (yr) 5 5 5 Time for soil carbon to return from minimum to recovered state (yr) 40 29 12 Fraction of harvested vegetation assigned to decay pools: 1-yr 0.4 0.4 0.4 10-yr 0.1 0.1 0.1 100-yr 0.0 0.0 0.0 1000-yr 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraction of harvested vegetation left to decay on-site 0.5 0.5 0.5 Rate constant for on-site decay (per yr) 0.5 0.4 0.3 South and Southeast Asia Shifting Cultivation Response Curve: Tropical Tropical moist open forest forest Carbon in undisturbed vegetation(Mg C/ha) 250 60 Carbon in recovered vegetation (Mg C/ha) 90 35 Carbon in crops (Mg C/ha) 15 5 Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to recovered state (yr) 15 10 Time for vegetation to return from recovered to primary state (yr) 22 2 Carbon in undisturbed soil (Mg C/ha) 120 50 Carbon in recovered soil (Mg C/ha) 108 45 Soil carbon after initial rapid change (Mg C/ha) 90 38 Minimum soil carbon (Mg C/ha) 90 38 Duration of initial rapid change (yr) 2 2 Time to minimum soil carbon (yr) 2 2 Time for soil carbon to return from minimum to recovered state (yr) 15 10 Time for soil carbon to return from recovered to primary state (yr) 22 2 Fraction of harvested vegetation assigned to decay pools: 1-yr 0.38 0.41 10-yr 0.07 0.10 100-yr 0.00 0.00 1000-yr 0.02 0.02 Fraction of harvested vegetation left to decay on-site 0.53 0.47 Rate constant for on-site decay (per year) 0.50 0.30 South and Southeast Asia Logging Response Curve: Tropical Tropical moist seasonal forest forest Carbon in undisturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 250 150 Carbon in recovered vegetation (Mg C/ha) 175 105 Carbon in disturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 110 60 Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to recovered state (yr) 20 20 Carbon in undisturbed soil (Mg C/ha) 120 80 Carbon in recovered soil (Mg C/ha) 120 80 Minimum soil carbon (Mg C/ha) 120 80 Carbon in crops (Mg C/ha) 27 16 Carbon in slash (Mg C/ha) 219 131 Fraction of harvested vegetation assigned to decay pools: 1-yr 0.0162 0.0162 10-yr 0.0088 0.0088 100-yr 0.1000 0.1000 Fraction of harvested vegetation left to decay on-site 0.8750 0.8750 Rate constant for on-site decay (per year) 0.5000 0.3000 Former Soviet Union (the following values replace the data in files fsu-re.* and fsulogpt.* in Houghton and Hackler 1995) Former Soviet Union Clearing Response Curve: Temperate Temperate deciduous Boreal grassland forest forest Carbon in undisturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 10 135 90 Carbon in recovered vegetation (Mg C/ha) 10 108 72 Carbon in crops (Mg C/ha) 5 5 5 Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to recovered state (yr) 10 40 80 Time for vegetation to return from recovered to primary state (yr) 5 21 43 Carbon in undisturbed soil (Mg C/ha) 189 134 206 Carbon in recovered soil (Mg C/ha) 189 134 206 Soil carbon after initial rapid change (Mg C/ha) 161 114 175 Minimum soil carbon (Mg C/ha) 151 107 165 Duration of initial rapid change (yr) 15 10 15 Time to minimum soil carbon (yr) 30 30 65 Time for soil carbon to return from minimum to recovered state (yr) 45 40 80 Time for soil carbon to return from recovered to primary state (yr) 5 21 43 Fraction of harvested vegetation assigned to decay pools: 1-yr 0.4 0.48 0.48 10-yr 0.1 0.24 0.24 100-yr 0.0 0.08 0.08 1000-yr 0.0 0.00 0.00 Fraction of harvested vegetation left to decay on-site 0.5 0.20 0.20 Rate constant for on-site decay (per year) 0.5 0.04 0.05 Former Soviet Union Logging Response Curve: Fuelwood Harvest Timber Harvest Temperate Temperate deciduous Boreal deciduous Boreal forest forest forest forest Carbon in undisturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 135 90 135 90 Carbon in recovered vegetation (Mg C/ha) 108 72 108 72 Carbon in disturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 97 46 0 0 Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to recovered state (yr) 14 29 40 80 Time for vegetation to return from recovered to primary state (yr) 20 24 20 24 Carbon in undisturbed soil (Mg C/ha) 134 206 134 206 Fraction of harvested vegetation left to decay on-site 0.20 0.21 0.37 0.30 Rate constant for on-site decay (per year) 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 Former Soviet Union Partitioning of logging products into decay pools by harvest type, ecosystem type, and year: Fuelwood harvest Temperate deciduous forest Years Decay pool 1700-1944 1945-1959 1960-1974 1975-1979 1980-1990 1-yr 0.71132 0.73342 0.59211 0.65211 0.64737 10-yr 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 100-yr 0.07816 0.05605 0.19737 0.13737 0.14211 1000-yr 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Boreal forest Years Decay pool 1700-1944 1945-1959 1960-1974 1975-1979 1980-1990 1-yr 0.71670 0.73898 0.59659 0.65705 0.65227 10-yr 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 100-yr 0.07875 0.05648 0.19886 0.13841 0.14318 1000-yr 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Timber harvest Temperate deciduous forest Year Decay pool 1700 1945 1960 1975 1990 1-yr 0.21407 0.40296 0.18259 0.11333 0.09444 10-yr 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 100-yr 0.41556 0.22667 0.44704 0.51630 0.53519 1000-yr 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Boreal forest Year Decay pool 1700 1945 1960 1975 1990 1-yr 0.23611 0.44444 0.20139 0.12500 0.10417 10-yr 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 100-yr 0.45833 0.25000 0.49306 0.56944 0.59028 1000-yr 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 South and Central America (the following values replace the data in files scam_re.* in Houghton and Hackler 1995) South and Central America Clearing Response Curve: Tropical Tropical Warm equatorial seasonal Tropical coniferous forest forest woodland forest Carbon in undisturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 200 140 55 168 Carbon in recovered vegetation (Mg C/ha) 200 140 55 168 Carbon in crops (Mg C/ha) 5 5 5 5 Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to primary state (yr) 40 35 18 42 Carbon in undisturbed soil (Mg C/ha) 98 98 69 134 Soil carbon after initial rapid change (Mg C/ha) 78 78 55 107 Duration of initial rapid change (yr) 5 5 5 5 Minimum soil carbon (Mg C/ha) 74 74 52 100 Time to minimum soil carbon (yr) 20 20 20 20 Time for soil carbon to return from minimum to primary state (yr) 40 35 18 42 Fraction of harvested vegetation assigned to decay pools: 1-yr 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 10-yr 0.35 0.35 0.30 0.35 100-yr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1000-yr 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Fraction of harvested vegetation left to decay on-site 0.33 0.33 0.38 0.33 Rate constant for on-site decay (per year) 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.30 Temperate broadleaf Desert forest Grassland scrub Carbon in undisturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 100 10 6 Carbon in recovered vegetation (Mg C/ha) 100 10 6 Carbon in crops (Mg C/ha) 5 5 6 Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to primary state (yr) 25 2 1 Carbon in undisturbed soil (Mg C/ha) 134 42 58 Soil carbon after initial rapid change (Mg C/ha) 107 34 46 Duration of initial rapid change (yr) 5 5 5 Minimum soil carbon (Mg C/ha) 100 32 44 Time to minimum soil carbon (yr) 20 20 20 Time for soil carbon to return from minimum to primary state (yr) 40 18 40 Fraction of harvested vegetation assigned to decay pools: 1-yr 0.30 0.48 0.48 10-yr 0.35 0.00 0.00 100-yr 0.00 0.00 0.00 1000-yr 0.02 0.02 0.02 Fraction of harvested vegetation left to decay on-site 0.33 0.50 0.50 Rate constant for on-site decay (per year) 0.50 0.30 0.20 South and Central America Pasture Response Curve: Tropical Tropical Warm equatorial seasonal Tropical coniferous forest forest woodland forest Carbon in undisturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 200 140 55 168 Carbon in disturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 10 10 28 10 Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to primary state (yr) 40 35 18 42 Carbon in undisturbed soil (Mg C/ha) 98 98 69 134 Minimum soil carbon (Mg C/ha) 87 87 69 118 Time to minimum soil carbon (yr) 20 20 20 20 Time for soil carbon to return from minimum to primary state (yr) 40 35 18 42 Fraction of harvested vegetation assigned to decay pools: 1-yr 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 10-yr 0.35 0.35 0.30 0.35 100-yr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1000-yr 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Fraction of harvested vegetation left to decay on-site 0.33 0.33 0.38 0.33 Rate constant for on-site decay (per year) 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.30 Temperate broadleaf Desert forest Grassland scrub Carbon in undisturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 100 10 6 Carbon in disturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 10 10 6 Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to primary state (yr) 25 2 2 Carbon in undisturbed soil (Mg C/ha) 134 42 58 Minimum soil carbon (Mg C/ha) 118 42 58 Time to minimum soil carbon (yr) 20 20 20 Time for soil carbon to return from minimum to primary state (yr) 40 18 40 Fraction of harvested vegetation assigned to decay pools: 1-yr 0.30 0.48 0.48 10-yr 0.35 0.00 0.00 100-yr 0.00 0.00 0.00 1000-yr 0.02 0.02 0.02 Fraction of harvested vegetation left to decay on-site 0.33 0.50 0.50 Rate constant for on-site decay (per year) 0.50 0.40 0.30 South and Central America Shifting Cultivation Response Curve: Tropical seasonal Tropical forest woodland Carbon in undisturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 140 55 Carbon in disturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 15 5 Carbon in recovered vegetation (Mg C/ha) 65 20 Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to recovered state (yr) 17 6 Carbon in undisturbed soil (Mg C/ha) 98 69 Minimum soil carbon (Mg C/ha) 83 59 Time to minimum soil carbon (yr) 2 2 Carbon in recovered soil (Mg C/ha) 91 64 Fraction of harvested vegetation assigned to decay pools: 1-yr 0.30 0.30 10-yr 0.35 0.35 100-yr 0.00 0.00 1000-yr 0.02 0.02 Fraction of harvested vegetation left to decay on-site 0.33 0.33 Rate constant for on-site decay (per year) 0.40 0.30 South and Central America Logging Response Curve: Tropical Warm seasonal coniferous forest forest Carbon in undisturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 140 168 Carbon in crops (Mg C/ha) 3 15 Carbon in slash (Mg C/ha) 15 25 Carbon in disturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 122 128 Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to primary state (yr) 6 13 Fraction of harvested vegetation assigned to decay pools: 1-yr 0.0 0.0 10-yr 0.0 0.1 100-yr 1.0 0.9 1000-yr 0.0 0.0 Rate constant for on-site decay (per year) 0.4 0.4 South and Central America Forest Plantation Response Curve: Tropical seasonal forest Carbon in undisturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 140 Carbon in disturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 10 Carbon in undisturbed soil (Mg C/ha) 98 Minimum soil carbon (Mg C/ha) 87 Time to minimum soil carbon (yr) 2 Fraction of harvested vegetation assigned to decay pools: 1-yr 0 10-yr 0 100-yr 0 1000-yr 0 Fraction of harvested vegetation left to decay on-site 1 Rate constant for on-site decay (per year) 0.4 Tropical Africa (the following values replace the data in files taf_re.* in Houghton and Hackler 1995) Tropical Africa Clearing response curve: Closed Open Forest forest Carbon in undisturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 136 30 Carbon in recovered vegetation (Mg C/ha) 136 30 Carbon in crops (Mg C/ha) 15 15 Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to recovered state (yr) 30 30 Carbon in undisturbed soil (Mg C/ha) 100 50 Carbon in recovered soil (Mg C/ha) 100 50 Soil carbon after initial rapid change (Mg C/ha) 80 40 Minimum soil carbon (Mg C/ha) 75 37 Duration of initial rapid change (yr) 1 1 Time to minimum soil carbon (yr) 5 5 Time for soil carbon to return from minimum to recovered state (yr) 30 30 Fraction of harvested vegetation assigned to decay pools: 1-yr 0.40 0.40 10-yr 0.27 0.27 100-yr 0.00 0.00 1000-yr 0.00 0.00 Fraction of harvested vegetation left to decay on-site 0.33 0.33 Rate constant for on-site decay (per year) 0.50 0.30 North America, China, Europe, Pacific Developed Region, and North Africa and the Middle East (the following values replace the data in files tem_re.* in Houghton and Hackler 1995) North America, China, Europe, Pacific Developed Region, and North Africa and the Middle East Clearing Response Curve: Tropical Tropical Temperate Temperate moist seasonal evergreen deciduous Boreal forest forest forest forest forest Carbon in undisturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 200 160 160 135 90 Carbon in recovered vegetation (Mg C/ha) 150 120 120 100 68 Carbon in crops (Mg C/ha) 5 5 5 5 5 Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to recovered state (yr) 50 50 50 50 50 Carbon in undisturbed soil (Mg C/ha) 117 117 134 134 206 Carbon in recovered soil (Mg C/ha) 103 103 127 127 185 Soil carbon after initial rapid change (Mg C/ha) 94 94 107 107 164 Minimum soil carbon (Mg C/ha) 88 88 101 101 155 Duration of initial rapid change (yr) 3 3 15 15 50 Time to minimum soil carbon (yr) 15 15 30 30 50 Time for soil carbon to return from minimum to recovered state (yr) 15 15 40 40 35 Fraction of harvested vegetation assigned to decay pools: 1-yr 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 10-yr 0.27 0.27 0.20 0.20 0.20 100-yr 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.07 0.07 1000-yr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Fraction of harvested vegetation left to decay on-site 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 North America, China, Europe, Pacific Developed Region, and North Africa and the Middle East Clearing Response Curve (continued) Tropical Temperate woodland/ woodland/ Tropical Temperate Desert shrubland shrubland grassland grassland scrub Carbon in undisturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 27 27 18 7 3 Carbon in recovered vegetation (Mg C/ha) 27 27 18 7 3 Carbon in crops (Mg C/ha) 5 5 5 3 1 Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to recovered state (yr) 25 50 5 10 10 Carbon in undisturbed soil (Mg C/ha) 69 69 42 189 58 Carbon in recovered soil (Mg C/ha) 69 69 42 189 58 Soil carbon after initial rapid change (Mg C/ha) 55 55 34 151 80 Minimum soil carbon (Mg C/ha) 52 52 32 142 87 Duration of initial rapid change (yr) 3 15 3 15 5 Time to minimum soil carbon (yr) 15 30 15 30 10 Time for soil carbon to return from minimum to recovered state (yr) 15 45 15 45 10 Fraction of harvested vegetation assigned to decay pools: 1-yr 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.50 10-yr 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 100-yr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1000-yr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Fraction of harvested vegetation left to decay on-site 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 North America, China, Europe, Pacific Developed Region, and North Africa and the Middle East Logging Response Curve: Tropical Temperate Temperate moist evergreen deciduous Boreal forest forest forest forest Carbon in undisturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 200 160 135 90 Carbon in recovered vegetation (Mg C/ha) 150 120 100 68 Carbon in disturbed vegetation (Mg C/ha) 0 0 0 0 Time for vegetation to return from disturbed to recovered state (yr) 50 50 50 50 Carbon in undisturbed soil (Mg C/ha) 117 134 134 206 Carbon in recovered soil (Mg C/ha) 103 127 127 185 Minimum soil carbon (Mg C/ha) 76 108 108 165 Carbon in crops (Mg C/ha) 73 42 51 17 Carbon in slash (Mg C/ha) 127 118 84 73 Time to minimum soil carbon (yr) 5 10 10 15 Time for soil carbon to return from minimum to recovered state (yr) 45 40 40 35 Partitioning of logging products (from all ecosystem types) into decay pools by region and year: China Year Decay pool 1700 1875 1900 1925 1950 1980 1-yr 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.86 0.80 0.75 10-yr 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 100-yr 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.12 0.15 1000-yr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Europe Year Decay pool 1700 1875 1900 1925 1950 1980 1-yr 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.42 0.18 10-yr 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.33 100-yr 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.35 0.49 1000-yr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 North Africa and the Middle East Year Decay pool 1700 1875 1900 1925 1950 1980 1-yr 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.87 0.75 0.63 10-yr 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.15 100-yr 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.15 0.22 1000-yr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 North America Year Decay pool 1700 1875 1900 1925 1950 1980 1-yr 0.50 0.44 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.04 10-yr 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.38 100-yr 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.42 0.48 0.58 1000-yr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pacific Developed Region Year Decay pool 1700 1875 1900 1925 1950 1980 1-yr 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.42 0.27 10-yr 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.23 0.29 100-yr 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.35 0.44 1000-yr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 **************************************************************************************************** APPENDIX D. FULL LISTING OF NDP050.DAT (FILE 2) The following is a full listing of ascii file ndp050.dat (File 2), which is also provided, in binary spreadsheet format, as file ndp050.wk1 (File 3). This file lists the estimated net flux of carbon, in units of 1000 Gg of carbon (1 gigagram = 10^9 g), to the atmosphere from land-use change, from 1850 through 1990, by year and by region, along with the global totals. The values in this listing replace the values in files netflux.* in Houghton and Hackler (1995), the previous version of this database. South and North Former South and Pacific North Central Africa and Tropical Soviet Southeast Developed TOTAL Year America America Europe Middle East Africa Union China Asia Region FLUX 1850 87.28 42.48 55.04 3.98 5.61 58.56 56.52 85.63 2.05 397.145 1851 87.22 42.18 55.02 3.98 6.47 58.55 56.50 85.20 2.04 397.164 1852 90.37 41.90 54.99 3.98 6.60 58.88 56.48 85.25 2.04 400.492 1853 93.38 41.66 54.96 3.98 6.69 59.22 56.47 85.33 2.03 403.713 1854 96.28 41.44 54.93 3.98 6.77 59.58 56.45 85.42 2.03 406.877 1855 99.12 41.24 54.90 3.98 6.82 59.96 56.43 85.53 2.03 410.017 1856 101.93 41.06 54.87 3.98 6.86 60.34 56.42 85.65 2.02 413.137 1857 104.72 40.91 54.84 3.98 6.88 60.72 56.40 85.77 2.02 416.250 1858 107.50 40.77 54.81 3.98 6.90 61.10 56.39 85.90 2.01 419.363 1859 110.27 40.64 54.78 3.98 6.92 61.48 56.37 86.02 2.01 422.481 1860 113.06 38.09 54.75 3.98 6.93 61.85 56.36 86.14 2.01 423.171 1861 116.34 32.46 54.79 9.01 8.02 62.22 56.25 86.26 2.08 427.422 1862 119.70 29.66 54.86 9.96 8.18 53.69 56.13 86.38 2.18 420.740 1863 123.16 26.89 54.96 10.82 8.31 53.75 55.99 86.49 2.30 422.672 1864 126.70 24.20 55.06 11.25 8.41 53.80 55.85 86.61 2.43 424.303 1865 130.31 21.57 55.18 11.64 8.49 53.86 55.71 86.71 2.56 426.033 1866 131.46 20.62 55.31 11.99 8.53 53.74 55.55 86.82 2.70 426.713 1867 132.67 19.74 55.46 12.31 8.57 53.62 55.39 86.91 2.83 427.495 1868 133.95 18.90 55.61 12.61 8.59 53.51 55.23 87.01 2.96 428.377 1869 135.30 18.11 55.78 12.89 8.62 53.41 55.06 87.10 3.09 429.350 1870 136.72 19.79 55.95 13.15 8.64 53.32 54.88 87.18 3.21 432.843 1871 138.16 23.97 50.48 13.40 8.66 53.23 54.70 108.79 9.87 461.264 1872 139.64 25.66 49.60 13.64 8.67 53.49 54.53 113.96 11.93 471.118 1873 141.14 27.32 48.75 13.87 8.69 53.75 54.35 117.71 13.66 479.236 1874 142.67 28.92 47.95 14.09 8.70 54.01 51.69 120.51 14.33 482.862 1875 144.23 30.47 47.17 14.30 8.71 54.27 51.15 122.69 14.87 487.850 1876 144.64 30.66 46.53 14.47 9.79 54.94 50.74 124.08 15.35 491.204 1877 144.91 31.36 45.94 14.63 9.96 55.04 50.41 125.23 15.76 493.231 1878 145.05 32.02 45.39 14.79 10.08 55.13 50.11 126.23 16.12 494.901 1879 145.06 32.63 44.87 14.93 10.18 55.21 49.84 127.11 16.44 496.273 1880 144.94 33.22 44.39 15.07 10.26 55.30 49.59 127.91 16.75 497.425 1881 144.70 70.55 43.94 15.21 10.30 55.40 49.35 128.27 17.05 534.771 1882 144.34 82.30 43.52 15.35 10.33 55.51 49.14 128.59 17.34 546.421 1883 143.86 92.24 43.12 15.49 10.36 55.63 48.94 128.87 17.64 556.158 1884 143.27 100.88 42.74 15.63 10.39 55.76 48.75 129.13 17.94 564.499 1885 142.58 108.58 42.39 15.77 10.41 55.90 48.58 129.37 18.24 571.807 1886 141.82 112.04 42.56 15.90 11.71 56.03 48.42 129.59 18.54 576.593 1887 141.00 114.43 42.73 16.03 11.91 56.17 48.26 129.79 18.83 579.162 1888 140.14 116.44 42.92 16.16 12.06 56.30 48.11 129.98 19.12 581.235 1889 139.21 118.15 43.11 16.29 12.18 56.44 48.04 130.16 19.36 582.940 1890 138.09 119.63 43.31 16.42 12.28 56.57 47.97 130.32 19.60 584.180 1891 148.45 92.35 43.51 16.54 12.34 56.70 47.90 146.76 19.83 584.388 1892 150.16 84.19 43.72 16.66 12.38 56.83 47.84 150.78 20.06 582.620 1893 151.73 77.09 43.91 16.78 12.42 56.96 47.79 153.67 20.28 580.630 1894 153.18 70.78 44.11 16.90 12.45 57.08 47.75 155.83 20.50 578.581 1895 154.55 65.05 44.31 17.01 12.47 57.21 47.70 157.53 20.72 576.549 1896 155.52 63.60 44.50 17.12 12.50 57.33 47.66 158.61 20.93 577.764 1897 156.43 62.47 44.68 17.23 12.52 57.45 47.63 159.49 21.14 579.038 1898 157.30 61.59 44.86 17.34 12.53 57.57 47.60 160.22 21.35 580.364 1899 158.14 60.90 45.03 17.45 12.55 57.68 47.57 160.87 21.55 581.740 1900 158.92 60.36 45.19 17.55 12.56 57.79 47.54 161.44 21.75 583.112 1901 159.83 124.92 45.44 20.07 15.57 57.90 47.62 161.69 22.03 655.075 1902 160.75 144.42 45.70 20.58 16.02 58.05 47.72 161.98 22.34 677.559 1903 161.70 160.67 45.98 21.04 16.35 58.19 47.84 162.24 22.65 696.656 1904 162.67 174.59 46.28 21.29 16.61 58.33 47.96 162.47 22.97 713.179 1905 163.67 186.84 46.60 21.52 16.82 58.47 48.11 162.67 23.30 727.993 1906 163.10 191.39 46.93 21.72 16.93 58.59 48.25 170.77 23.62 741.299 1907 162.56 195.05 47.27 21.89 17.02 58.59 48.40 172.83 23.94 747.540 1908 162.04 198.06 47.62 22.05 17.10 58.58 48.55 174.30 24.25 752.540 1909 161.56 200.56 47.98 22.20 17.16 58.56 48.70 175.40 24.56 756.671 1910 161.10 202.27 48.35 22.33 17.21 58.54 48.85 176.27 24.87 759.791 1911 160.68 140.60 48.72 22.48 21.53 58.53 49.01 176.84 25.15 703.522 1912 160.30 122.37 49.10 22.59 22.20 58.51 49.16 177.30 25.41 686.940 1913 159.97 107.21 49.47 22.69 22.69 63.68 49.30 156.93 25.67 657.631 1914 159.68 94.19 49.85 22.79 23.08 65.23 55.07 152.36 25.91 648.173 1915 159.44 82.67 50.23 22.88 23.40 66.59 56.06 149.05 26.16 636.474 1916 159.22 78.80 50.66 22.93 23.57 67.89 56.94 153.45 26.39 639.850 1917 159.03 75.71 51.09 22.97 23.71 69.21 57.66 153.09 26.62 639.076 1918 158.88 73.19 51.51 23.01 23.82 70.49 58.32 152.93 26.84 638.978 1919 158.76 71.09 51.92 23.03 23.92 71.76 58.95 152.69 27.05 639.181 1920 158.68 66.46 52.32 23.05 24.00 73.06 59.55 152.43 27.26 636.822 1921 158.64 104.94 52.77 23.06 28.35 74.38 60.11 152.08 27.57 681.924 1922 158.64 114.93 53.20 23.07 29.04 75.75 60.66 151.74 27.79 694.822 1923 158.67 122.76 53.62 23.08 29.56 77.06 61.17 151.80 28.00 705.725 1924 158.75 129.12 54.03 23.09 29.97 78.40 61.61 151.87 28.18 715.011 1925 158.85 134.47 54.42 23.09 30.30 79.78 62.10 151.96 28.35 723.319 1926 158.29 135.88 54.08 31.70 30.49 81.20 62.42 147.46 28.57 730.099 1927 157.65 136.87 53.62 33.63 30.64 82.53 62.72 146.83 28.81 733.300 1928 157.22 137.47 53.05 35.36 30.77 83.10 62.98 146.53 29.05 735.537 1929 131.20 137.78 52.36 35.79 30.87 83.70 63.09 146.44 29.30 710.527 1930 124.19 141.11 51.56 36.12 30.97 84.30 63.17 146.47 29.54 707.444 1931 117.44 157.80 50.66 36.74 35.33 84.91 63.25 146.66 29.79 722.578 1932 110.89 163.27 49.66 37.31 36.02 85.52 63.31 146.89 30.04 722.897 1933 104.46 167.92 48.56 37.82 36.55 86.15 63.36 147.15 30.28 722.256 1934 98.14 171.97 47.36 38.30 36.96 84.55 67.10 147.42 30.53 722.339 1935 91.89 175.55 46.08 38.75 37.30 82.80 67.92 147.70 30.78 718.768 1936 85.51 177.38 44.76 39.18 37.49 80.90 68.63 165.10 31.02 729.964 1937 79.19 179.58 43.40 39.59 37.65 78.84 69.19 169.48 31.26 728.172 1938 72.92 181.57 42.01 39.98 37.78 76.69 69.70 172.75 31.50 724.900 1939 66.67 183.40 40.59 40.35 37.89 74.51 70.17 175.29 31.73 720.611 1940 60.51 185.09 39.15 40.71 37.99 71.15 70.61 177.32 31.96 714.481 1941 54.31 194.01 37.69 41.03 53.04 54.42 71.04 182.27 32.19 719.998 1942 48.15 198.34 36.23 41.35 55.30 47.51 71.44 187.87 32.41 718.624 1943 42.05 202.54 34.77 41.65 56.99 40.84 71.84 193.64 32.63 716.943 1944 39.63 206.70 33.31 41.89 58.30 34.35 72.21 199.44 32.84 718.664 1945 37.25 210.70 31.86 42.13 59.36 28.04 72.58 205.19 33.04 720.135 1946 34.91 214.35 30.40 42.35 59.93 24.03 72.93 281.30 33.24 793.441 1947 32.61 217.62 28.96 42.56 60.38 20.43 73.28 302.11 33.44 811.378 1948 30.35 221.01 27.52 42.77 60.75 17.18 73.62 318.01 33.63 824.833 1949 28.13 224.51 26.08 42.97 61.06 14.31 73.67 329.78 33.82 834.320 1950 25.97 229.84 24.66 43.16 61.33 13.08 73.72 340.01 34.00 845.773 1951 18.23 286.38 23.53 34.40 82.95 126.91 74.65 349.78 67.51 1064.327 1952 15.04 304.72 22.55 32.64 86.28 149.64 75.60 362.04 76.88 1125.376 1953 12.12 319.58 21.71 30.83 88.76 171.48 76.56 322.62 84.52 1128.181 1954 9.44 331.78 21.01 28.61 90.71 192.67 77.52 323.13 86.59 1161.448 1955 6.97 342.05 20.44 26.39 92.29 213.75 97.76 326.78 87.92 1214.345 1956 4.71 348.10 20.00 25.71 93.16 236.15 102.65 326.49 88.76 1245.711 1957 2.63 353.04 19.68 25.04 93.86 258.25 107.01 326.34 89.26 1275.109 1958 0.72 357.15 19.48 24.41 94.43 279.95 110.54 320.70 89.52 1296.919 1959 -1.02 362.41 19.40 23.79 94.92 208.34 113.79 320.51 89.62 1231.770 1960 -2.61 366.65 19.44 23.21 95.34 210.89 116.84 321.34 89.59 1240.677 1961 -4.09 481.93 16.70 22.64 129.92 205.22 119.69 325.96 89.48 1387.432 1962 -5.48 517.55 16.32 22.08 135.24 201.87 122.35 332.01 89.30 1431.247 1963 -6.76 546.07 16.01 21.55 139.22 198.82 124.84 347.12 89.09 1475.961 1964 -7.96 572.04 15.78 21.03 142.32 196.18 127.34 356.56 88.83 1512.116 1965 -9.08 593.94 15.61 20.52 144.85 192.92 129.51 365.27 88.56 1542.088 1966 -9.07 603.87 15.48 21.63 146.24 181.17 129.61 374.12 88.25 1551.292 1967 -9.03 612.03 15.39 21.82 147.36 169.52 130.71 382.93 87.94 1558.677 1968 -8.97 619.05 15.35 21.96 148.28 157.92 131.78 397.51 87.61 1570.492 1969 -8.87 629.61 15.33 21.73 149.06 147.84 132.89 407.46 87.04 1582.089 1970 -9.26 638.01 13.57 21.48 149.73 114.46 132.78 416.75 86.46 1563.981 1971 -9.53 567.12 11.18 21.52 184.52 100.10 104.98 407.73 50.23 1437.845 1972 -9.76 547.71 8.64 21.57 190.04 85.37 101.07 410.06 39.11 1393.820 1973 -9.93 531.05 5.96 21.62 194.18 71.25 97.25 474.68 29.74 1415.799 1974 -9.56 516.35 3.15 21.66 197.43 64.85 93.70 492.08 26.12 1405.787 1975 -9.15 503.09 0.21 21.71 200.09 58.78 90.12 505.73 23.24 1393.830 1976 -8.74 501.64 -2.64 21.75 201.60 55.92 86.52 619.65 20.85 1496.554 1977 -8.32 500.90 -5.64 21.78 202.82 50.36 82.85 655.90 18.78 1519.441 1978 -7.99 500.34 -8.79 21.81 203.84 44.82 79.10 682.44 16.94 1532.511 1979 -7.48 507.58 -12.08 21.84 233.70 39.50 75.22 703.56 15.26 1577.084 1980 -7.09 511.59 -14.09 21.85 238.69 35.44 73.78 721.19 13.69 1595.045 1981 -7.01 516.39 -15.34 17.00 256.24 33.41 73.42 979.87 15.58 1869.544 1982 -5.80 517.03 -16.39 16.56 261.24 30.73 63.74 1046.49 14.94 1928.539 1983 -4.30 516.74 -17.23 16.44 265.19 28.82 60.42 1092.35 14.13 1972.563 1984 -2.55 552.39 -17.88 18.04 267.79 27.16 57.65 1126.06 12.75 2041.413 1985 -0.55 563.87 -18.34 19.80 269.92 25.77 55.55 1152.18 11.29 2079.482 1986 1.67 567.57 -18.62 20.37 318.45 23.36 53.90 1173.82 9.77 2150.284 1987 4.08 592.06 -18.72 21.02 326.58 22.57 52.43 1154.87 8.22 2163.104 1988 6.69 596.17 -18.65 21.72 332.71 21.85 51.09 1166.73 6.65 2184.948 1989 9.47 579.12 -18.42 22.47 337.54 21.19 49.85 1180.05 5.29 2186.550 1990 12.42 577.16 -18.08 23.24 341.50 20.11 48.69 1094.39 3.92 2103.342 *************************************************************************************************************** APPENDIX E. FULL LISTING OF COMPARE.DAT (FILE 4) The following is a full listing of ascii file compare.dat (File 4), which is also provided, in binary spreadsheet format, as file compare.wk1 (File 5). This file compares the estimated global total net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from land-use change, from 1850 to 1990, by year, for this database (Houghton 1999) and three earlier publications (Houghton et al. 1983, Houghton and Skole 1990, and Houghton and Hackler 1995). Note that the data for the period 1850 through 1859 attributed below to Houghton et al. (1983) were not actually presented in that publication but are present in the data used in that publication. Units = Pg of carbon (1 petagram = 10^15 grams); -9.999 denotes missing value Year Houghton Houghton Houghton Houghton et al. 1983 & Skole 1990 & Hackler 1995 1999 1850 0.458 0.278 0.352 0.397 1851 0.464 0.319 0.383 0.397 1852 0.469 0.353 0.397 0.400 1853 0.475 0.379 0.408 0.404 1854 0.480 0.393 0.417 0.407 1855 0.486 0.424 0.424 0.410 1856 0.492 0.439 0.430 0.413 1857 0.497 0.452 0.435 0.416 1858 0.503 0.464 0.439 0.419 1859 0.509 0.475 0.443 0.422 1860 0.539 0.492 0.446 0.423 1861 0.563 0.485 0.457 0.427 1862 0.587 0.492 0.463 0.421 1863 0.612 0.500 0.468 0.423 1864 0.623 0.508 0.474 0.424 1865 0.634 0.516 0.479 0.426 1866 0.641 0.522 0.481 0.427 1867 0.649 0.528 0.484 0.427 1868 0.656 0.534 0.486 0.428 1869 0.665 0.541 0.489 0.429 1870 0.684 0.544 0.492 0.433 1871 0.701 0.553 0.501 0.461 1872 0.717 0.562 0.507 0.471 1873 0.731 0.566 0.512 0.479 1874 0.744 0.572 0.513 0.483 1875 0.771 0.579 0.517 0.488 1876 0.792 0.585 0.521 0.491 1877 0.813 0.589 0.524 0.493 1878 0.834 0.592 0.526 0.495 1879 0.846 0.594 0.528 0.496 1880 0.857 0.621 0.529 0.497 1881 0.868 0.639 0.560 0.535 1882 0.878 0.658 0.569 0.546 1883 0.888 0.669 0.576 0.556 1884 0.897 0.679 0.582 0.564 1885 0.905 0.686 0.586 0.572 1886 0.910 0.692 0.590 0.577 1887 0.915 0.696 0.592 0.579 1888 0.919 0.700 0.593 0.581 1889 0.923 0.702 0.594 0.583 1890 0.936 0.701 0.593 0.584 1891 0.944 0.694 0.597 0.584 1892 0.951 0.688 0.597 0.583 1893 0.959 0.683 0.597 0.581 1894 0.966 0.679 0.597 0.579 1895 0.973 0.676 0.597 0.577 1896 0.979 0.673 0.597 0.578 1897 0.985 0.672 0.596 0.579 1898 0.991 0.674 0.596 0.580 1899 0.997 0.676 0.595 0.582 1900 1.027 0.732 0.596 0.583 1901 1.048 0.765 0.660 0.655 1902 1.070 0.791 0.678 0.678 1903 1.092 0.811 0.693 0.697 1904 1.100 0.828 0.705 0.713 1905 1.108 0.844 0.716 0.728 1906 1.113 0.851 0.726 0.741 1907 1.117 0.856 0.731 0.748 1908 1.122 0.860 0.735 0.753 1909 1.126 0.862 0.738 0.757 1910 1.133 0.815 0.740 0.760 1911 1.138 0.788 0.686 0.704 1912 1.143 0.762 0.670 0.687 1913 1.153 0.762 0.646 0.658 1914 1.158 0.758 0.639 0.648 1915 1.164 0.750 0.630 0.636 1916 1.167 0.750 0.634 0.640 1917 1.170 0.749 0.635 0.639 1918 1.173 0.750 0.637 0.639 1919 1.175 0.751 0.639 0.639 1920 1.177 0.789 0.641 0.637 1921 1.179 0.808 0.691 0.682 1922 1.181 0.823 0.707 0.695 1923 1.182 0.836 0.722 0.706 1924 1.184 0.842 0.734 0.715 1925 1.281 0.866 0.745 0.723 1926 1.360 0.875 0.753 0.730 1927 1.441 0.883 0.755 0.733 1928 1.507 0.866 0.757 0.736 1929 1.527 0.844 0.736 0.711 1930 1.548 0.856 0.730 0.707 1931 1.569 0.861 0.740 0.723 1932 1.591 0.862 0.737 0.723 1933 1.614 0.860 0.732 0.722 1934 1.637 0.857 0.730 0.722 1935 1.660 0.852 0.724 0.719 1936 1.683 0.850 0.729 0.730 1937 1.705 0.849 0.727 0.728 1938 1.717 0.849 0.719 0.725 1939 1.736 0.850 0.715 0.721 1940 1.756 0.839 0.707 0.714 1941 1.773 0.810 0.702 0.720 1942 1.791 0.808 0.695 0.719 1943 1.808 0.808 0.688 0.717 1944 1.832 0.812 0.685 0.719 1945 1.856 0.820 0.682 0.720 1946 1.880 0.830 0.736 0.793 1947 1.904 0.844 0.751 0.811 1948 1.927 0.861 0.761 0.825 1949 1.950 0.878 0.767 0.834 1950 2.101 0.990 0.774 0.846 1951 2.186 1.150 0.986 1.064 1952 2.265 1.234 1.037 1.125 1953 2.340 1.294 1.045 1.128 1954 2.360 1.418 1.068 1.161 1955 2.374 1.482 1.109 1.214 1956 2.390 1.528 1.128 1.246 1957 2.405 1.478 1.146 1.275 1958 2.417 1.483 1.156 1.297 1959 2.429 1.488 1.084 1.232 1960 2.437 1.573 1.084 1.241 1961 2.447 1.625 1.217 1.387 1962 2.455 1.663 1.255 1.431 1963 2.463 1.700 1.293 1.476 1964 2.469 1.735 1.322 1.512 1965 2.562 1.768 1.348 1.542 1966 2.632 1.747 1.355 1.551 1967 2.700 1.758 1.360 1.559 1968 2.768 1.775 1.368 1.570 1969 2.776 1.783 1.377 1.582 1970 2.721 1.684 1.357 1.564 1971 2.699 1.669 1.250 1.438 1972 2.677 1.632 1.215 1.394 1973 2.655 1.609 1.232 1.416 1974 2.653 1.567 1.233 1.406 1975 2.650 1.595 1.234 1.394 1976 2.646 1.611 1.324 1.497 1977 2.640 1.631 1.350 1.519 1978 2.633 1.616 1.367 1.533 1979 2.624 1.609 1.413 1.577 1980 2.613 1.608 1.423 1.595 1981 -9.999 1.608 1.420 1.870 1982 -9.999 1.608 1.450 1.929 1983 -9.999 1.608 1.470 1.973 1984 -9.999 1.608 1.519 2.041 1985 -9.999 1.608 1.539 2.079 1986 -9.999 -9.999 1.574 2.150 1987 -9.999 -9.999 1.605 2.163 1988 -9.999 -9.999 1.619 2.185 1989 -9.999 -9.999 1.611 2.187 1990 -9.999 -9.999 1.614 2.103