ORNL/CDIAC-109 NDP-065 CARBON DIOXIDE, HYDROGRAPHIC, AND CHEMICAL DATA OBTAINED IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN (WOCE SECTIONS P16A/P17A, P17E/P19S, AND P19C, R/V KNORR, OCTOBER 1992 APRIL 1993) Contributed by Stephany Rubin,* John G. Goddard,* David W. Chipman,* Taro Takahashi,* Stewart C. Sutherland,* Joseph L. Reid,** James H. Swift,** and Lynne D. Talley** *Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University Palisades, New York **Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California Prepared by Alexander Kozyr*** Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee ***Energy, Environment, and Resources Center University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Environmental Sciences Division Publication No. 4779 Date Published: June 1998 Prepared for the Environmental Sciences Division Office of Biological and Environmental Research U.S. Department of Energy Budget Activity Numbers KP 12 04 01 0 and KP 12 02 03 0 Prepared by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335 managed by LOCKHEED MARTIN ENERGY RESEARCH CORP. for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-96OR22464 ABSTRACT Rubin, S., J. G. Goddard, D. W. Chipman, T. Takahashi, S. C. Sutherland, J. L. Reid, J. H. Swift, L. D. Talley, and A. Kozyr. 1998. Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained in the South Pacific Ocean (WOCE Sections P16A/P17A, P17E/P19S, and P19C, R/V Knorr, October 1992 April 1993. ORNL/CDIAC-109, NDP-065. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. doi: 10.3334/CDIAC/otg.ndp065 This data documentation discusses the procedures and methods used to measure total carbon dioxide concentration (TCO2) and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in discrete water samples collected during three expeditions of the Research Vessel (R/V) Knorr in the South Pacific Ocean. Conducted as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), the first cruise (WOCE Section P16A/P17A) began in Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia, on October 6, 1992, and returned to Papeete on November 25, 1992. The second cruise (WOCE Section P17E/P19S) began in Papeete on December 4, 1992, and finished in Punta Arenas, Chile, on January 22, 1993. The third expedition (WOCE Section P19C) started in Punta Arenas, on February 22 and finished in Panama City, Panama, on April 13, 1993. During the three expeditions, 422 hydrographic stations were occupied. Hydrographic and chemical measurements made along WOCE Sections P16A/P17A, P17E/P19S, and P19C included pressure, temperature, salinity, and oxygen [measured by conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sensor], as well as discrete measurements of salinity, oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, silicate, chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12), TCO2, and pCO2 measured at 4 and 20°C. In addition, potential temperatures were calculated from the measured variables. The TCO2 concentration in 4419 seawater samples was determined with a coulometric analysis system; the pCO2 in 4419 discrete water samples was determined with an equilibrator/gas chromatograph system. At 114 stations, complete vertical profiles from the surface to the ocean floor were obtained, whereas at the remainder of stations only surface mixed layer samples were taken. In addition, 758 coulometric measurements for the Certified Reference Material (CRM) (batch nos. 12 and 13) were made. The shipboard analyses of CRM agreed with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) manometric values within 1.2 µmol/kg. The overall precision of TCO2 measurements is estimated to be ~±2 µmol/kg. The shipboard TCO2 measurements listed in this data report have not been corrected for the differences with the SIO manometric values. The data set is available free of charge as a numeric data package (NDP) from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. The NDP consists of six oceanographic data files, two FORTRAN 77 data-retrieval routine files, a documentation file, and this printed report, which describes the contents and format of all files and the procedures and methods used to obtain the data. Keywords: total carbon dioxide; partial pressure of carbon dioxide; World Ocean Circulation Experiment; South Pacific Ocean; hydrographic measurements; carbon cycle; carbonate chemistry; coulometer; equilibrator PART 1: OVERVIEW 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The World Ocean plays a dynamic role in the Earth's climate: it captures heat from the sun, transports it, and releases it thousands of miles away. These oceanic-solar-atmospheric interactions affect winds, rainfall patterns, and temperatures on a global scale. The oceans also play a major role in global carbon-cycle processes. Carbon is unevenly distributed in the oceans because of complex circulation patterns and biogeochemical cycles that include the biological processes of photosynthesis in upper layers and respiration in deep oceans. The oceans are estimated to hold 38,000 gigatons of carbon, 50 times more than the amount in the atmosphere and 20 times more than the amount held by plants, animals, and the soil. If only 2% of the carbon stored in the oceans was released, the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) would double. Every year, the amount of CO2 exchanged across the sea surface is 15 times greater than the amount produced by burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and other human activities (Williams 1990). To better understand the ocean's role in climate and climatic changes, several large experiments have already been conducted, and others are currently under way. The largest oceanographic experiment ever attempted is the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). A major component of the World Climate Research Program, WOCE brings together the expertise of scientists and technicians from more than 30 nations. In the United States, WOCE is supported by the federal government under the Global Change Research Program. The multiagency U.S. effort is led by the National Science Foundation and supported by major contributions from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the Office of Naval Research, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Although total carbon dioxide concentration (TCO2) is not an official WOCE measurement, a coordinated effort, supported in the United States by the DOE, is being made on WOCE cruises (through 1998) to measure the global, spatial, and temporal distributions of TCO2 and other carbon-related parameters. The goals of the CO2 survey include estimation of the meridional transport of inorganic carbon in the Pacific Ocean in a manner analogous to the oceanic heat transport estimates (Bryden and Hall 1980; Brewer et al. 1989; Roemmich and Wunsch 1985), evaluation of the exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean, and preparation of a database suitable for carbon-cycle modeling and the subsequent assessment of the anthropogenic CO2 increase in the oceans. The final data set is expected to cover ~23,000 stations. This report presents CO2-related measurements obtained during the 152-day expedition of the Research Vessel (R/V) Knorr along the WOCE Sections P16A/P17A, P17E/P19S, and P19C which are located in the South Pacific Ocean. In addition to TCO2, parameters measured in discrete water samples include partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) measured at 4 and 20°C, salinity, oxygen, nutrients, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). In addition, pressure, temperature, salinity, and oxygen were measured continuously with water depth on each station using an in situ sensor. The CO2 investigation during the three R/V Knorr expeditions was supported by a grant (No. DE-FGO2-90-ER60983) from the U.S. DOE. 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPEDITIONS 2.1 WOCE Section P16A/P17A R/V Knorr expedition along WOCE Sections P16A/P17A information is as follows: Ship name Knorr Cruise/leg 138/9 Expocode 316N138/9 WOCE Sections P16A/P17A Ports of call Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia (round trip) Dates October 6 November 25, 1992 Chief Scientist Joseph L. Reid (SIO) Parameters measured Institution Principal investigators CTD, oxygen, and nutrients SIO J. Reid and J. Swift Bathymetry SIO S. Smith ADCP* UH E. Firing ALACE** floats SIO R. Davis Nutrient support OSU L. Gordon Tritium and helium WHOI W. Jenkins TCO2 and pCO2 (shipboard) LDEO D. Chipman and T. Takahashi TCO2 and TALK*** (shore) SIO C. Keeling pCO2 and N2O (underway) SIO R. Weiss CFCs PMEL J. Bullister CFCs LDEO W. Smethie Carbon-14 (14C) PU R. Key Transmissometer TAMU W. Gardner Helium (deep) PMEL J. Lupton Participating Institutions SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University of California, San Diego) UH University of Hawaii OSU Oregon State University WHOI Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution LDEO Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (Columbia University) PMEL Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory PU Princeton University TAMU Texas A&M University ___________________________________ *Acoustic Dopler Current Profiler. **Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer. ***Total alkalinity. 2.2 WOCE Section P17E/P19S R/V Knorr expedition along WOCE Sections P17E/P19S information is as follows: Ship name Knorr Cruise/leg 138/10 Expocode 316N138/10 WOCE Sections P17E/P19S Ports of call Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia, to Punta Arenas, Chile Dates December 4, 1992 January 22, 1993 Chief Scientist James H. Swift (SIO) Parameters measured Institution Principal investigators CTD, oxygen, and nutrients SIO J. Reid and J. Swift Bathymetry SIO S. Smith ADCP UH E. Firing and P. Hacker ALACE floats SIO R. Davis Nutrient support OSU L. Gordon Tritium and helium WHOI W. Jenkins Tritium and helium LDEO P. Schlosser TCO2 and pCO2 (shipboard) LDEO D. Chipman and T. Takahashi TCO2 and TALK (shore) SIO C. Keeling pCO2 and N2O (underway) SIO R. Weiss pCO2 (underway) PU C. Sabine CFCs LDEO W. Smethie 14C PU R. Key Carbon-13 (13C) UCSC G. Rau Transmissometer TAMU W. Gardner Helium (deep) PMEL J. Lupton Meteorology WHOI B. Walden Participating Institutions SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University of California, San Diego) UH University of Hawaii OSU Oregon State University WHOI Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution LDEO Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (Columbia University) PU Princeton University UCSC University of California, Santa Cruz TAMU Texas A&M University PMEL Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory 2.3 WOCE Section P19C R/V Knorr expedition along WOCE Section P19C information is as follows: Ship name Knorr Cruise/leg 138/12 Expocode 316N138/12 WOCE Sections P19C Ports of call Punta Arenas, Chile, to Panama City, Panama Dates February 22 April 13, 1993 Chief Scientist Lynne D. Talley (SIO) Parameters measured Institution Principal investigators CTD, oxygen, and nutrients SIO L. Talley, J. Swift, and M. Tsuchiya Bathymetry SIO S. Smith ADCP UH E. Firing ALACE floats SIO R. Davis Surface drifters SIO P. Niiler Nutrient support OSU L. Gordon Tritium and helium WHOI W. Jenkins TCO2 and pCO2 (shipboard) LDEO D. Chipman and T. Takahashi TCO2 and TALK (shore) SIO C. Keeling pCO2 and N2O (underway) SIO R. Weiss CFCs RSMAS R. Fine 14C PU R. Key 13C UCSC G. Rau Transmissometer TAMU W. Gardner Helium (deep) PMEL J. Lupton Bio-optics LDEO J. Marra Participating Institutions SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University of California, San Diego) UH University of Hawaii OSU Oregon State University WHOI Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution LDEO Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (Columbia University) RSMAS Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (University of Miami) PU Princeton University UCSC University of California, Santa Cruz TAMU Texas A&M University PMEL Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory 3. BRIEF SUMMAR Y OF EXPEDITIONS 3.1 WOCE Section P16A/P17A R/V Knorr departed Papeete, Tahiti, on October 6, 1992, to extend southward the WOCE Pacific Sections P16 and P17 completed by the R/V Thomas Washington TUNES-2 expedition during July-August, 1991. Two equipment checkout/training stations were done enroute to the first scheduled station at 37.5° S, 150.5° W, a reoccupation of TUNES-2 station no. 180. Both training stations were done by 36-place 10-L bottle rosette/CTD casts to the bottom with duplicate sampling of the standard hydrographic water samples. Station no. 2 was occupied at 32° S, near the WOCE P6 line completed in June 1992 as part of this R/V Knorr voyage in the South Pacific Ocean. From station no. 3 the cruise track ran south taking stations at 30-nm (~55-km) intervals along 150.5° W, intending to reach the vicinity of WOCE line S4P at 67° S, which was completed by the Russian R/V Akademik Ioffe in March 1992. However, the ice pack was still near its maximum seasonal extent during the austral early spring. Large icebergs were first seen at about 58° S, and streamers of pancake sea ice 4 miles south of station no. 53 at 62.5° S forced the captain to turn around for safety reasons. The ship hove to during the short nights while it was in the vicinity of ice and icebergs for the next week. From station no. 53, the ship steamed eastward, taking two small volume stations on the deadhead run to the corner stations at 62.5° S, 135.0° W in the Amundsen Basin. The Gerard and rosette casts were unusually far apart on station no. 56 because the ship had to move to avoid a rampaging iceberg; the iceberg was 5 miles away at the start of the deep Gerard cast and had closed to within 2 miles by the end of the cast. From station no. 56, an arc of station positions was laid out roughly normal to the trend of the Pacific Antarctic Ridge. Station no. 71 was at the crest of the ridge. The rationale for this line of stations was two-fold: to examine any possible Ross Sea bottom-water flow along the flanks of the rise upstream of the Udintsev and Eltanin Fracture Zone systems and to have a line of stations underneath the 10-day repeat satellite track to compare geostrophic sea-surface elevation and satellite altimetry. Earlier satellite-tracked drifter tracks and sea-level elevations from satellite altimetry have indicated the presence of recurrent eddies near the ridge. From station no. 71, a single station was done to the bottom of the Udintsev Fracture Zone on the long deadhead run starting the WOCE P17 Section at 56° S and running northward along 135° W. Station spacing of 30-nm intervals was resumed until the TUNES-2 repeat station no. 179 was reached at 33° S. During the northward run, the ship discovered that it had a 50% greater speed capability than it had on the southward run; as a result the planned WOCE work was completed 3 days ahead of schedule. The extra available ship time was used to flesh out the historical deep station array by taking a few deep stations in the data-sparse regions in the deep trough between the Austral Islands and the Tuamotu Archipelago, avoiding areas covered by P6, SCORPIO, TUNES, GEOSECS, and PHOENIX expeditions. Having completed 127 stations, the number originally planned prior to the cruise, the ship arrived ahead of schedule in Papeete on the afternoon of November 25, 1992 local time. All 127 CTD/rosette stations were occupied close to the bottom. Large-volume casts were done at 14 stations; most were single deep casts because extraction reagents were limited by a misplaced replacement shipment. 3.2 WOCE Section P17E/P19S R/V Knorr departed Papeete, Tahiti, on December 4, 1992, and headed toward the first station of the WOCE Section P17E/P19S. On the afternoons of December 5, 6, and 7, the vessel stopped for station tests and training. No reportable data were collected. WOCE stations began at 52.5° S, 135.0° W on December 13 (local time) and continued on the planned track until the Antarctic ice edge was reached at 66.3° S, 126° W on December 25. After a 3-day run north to 52° S, 125.3° W, WOCE P17E stations resumed on December 29 along a track slightly south of the originally planned line, ending at 54° S, 88° W on January 9. At this point the track turned south to follow the originally planned P19S line south to 69.3° S, 88° W when station work was terminated short of the ice edge because of the need to begin the run into port. However, the track exceeded the planned minimum southward goal of 67° S, which was the latitude of the R/V Akademik Ioffe crossing of the S4P line. The R/V Knorr arrived in port on schedule January 22, 1993. The total number of stations was slightly less than planned, but a preliminary examination of the isopleths suggests no serious data loss was generated by the use of 40-nm spacing over three "deep basin" portions of the expedition. The principal sampling program consisted of full-depth CTD profiles with a maximum of 36 small-volume water samples per cast. Water samples were collected for salinity, dissolved oxygen, silicate, phosphate, nitrate, and nitrite from all sampled levels at all stations and for CFC- 11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CCl4, 3He, tritium, 14C, and CO2 system parameters at selected levels and stations. Large-volume sampling for 14C was carried out at 7 stations with 270-L Gerard barrels, with up to 18 samples per station in 2 casts. Check samples for salinity and silicate were analyzed from the Gerard barrels and their piggyback Niskin bottles. Separate surface-water samples were taken approximately one each day for analyses of 226Ra and 228Ra. Separate surface samples were filtered at each station for shore analyses of 13C in dissolved CO2. Rosette water samples were collected by the SIO Oceanographic Data Facility (ODF) from ODF-constructed 10-L sample bottles mounted on an ODF-constructed 36-bottle rosette sampler that used General Oceanics 24- and 12-place pylons. The rosette was equipped with an ODF-modified Neil Brown Instrument Systems (NBIS) Mark IIIb CTD for in-situ measurement of conductivity, temperature, pressure, and dissolved oxygen. A transmissometer belonging to Dr. Wilf Gardner, TAMU, was installed on the rosette and used at every station. A short-range (100 m) altimeter was mounted on the rosette frame and its data fed into the CTD data stream. A pinger on the rosette frame gave height-above-bottom throughout the water column. In every case the bottles were closed at selected depths during the up cast, after the winch had stopped at that depth. There were 106 CTD/rosette stations, each close to the bottom. Seven included one deep and one intermediate depth cast with Gerard barrels. While on station and underway a shipboard ADCP system was operated. Underway surface measurements were also obtained for temperature, pCO2, and atmospheric CFCs. Sonic depth and position were recorded at 5-minute intervals between most stations and along selected portions of the long runs. Routine weather observations were collected at 4-hour intervals by the ship's officers, and an Improved Meteorological (IMET) system was operated by the R/V Knorr's resident technician. The sea work was occasionally affected by high seas and swells generated by low-pressure cells in the region. 3.3 WOCE Section P19C R/V Knorr departed Punta Arenas, Chile, for its twelfth leg of Cruise 138 on February 22, 1993. This was the seventh WOCE hydrographic leg on the R/V Knorr in the South Pacific since the beginning of 1992. WOCE Section P19C was supported by the National Science Foundation's Ocean Sciences Division. P19C was the fourth WOCE hydrographic leg on the R/V Knorr with basic technical support from SIO ODF. Because of the extensive use of the ship for this sort of work prior to the P19C leg, the expedition was fortunate in having very few problems with equipment. The weather in general was good, and the expedition encountered only two storms, which affected stations no. 257 and 274. Stations were numbered consecutively from the beginning of the R/V Knorr work on WOCE Section P16A/P17A starting south of Tahiti in October 1992. The first station on P19C was numbered 234. On 20 days a separate Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) bio-optics station was made within several hours of noon. These stations extended to 200 m. The original cruise plan was for sampling along 54° S westward until 88° W and then exclusively along 88° W until ~4° N, where the track jogged westward and then eastward into Central America. Because of clearance questions and also because of rethinking based on the topography between the Galapagos and South America, it was decided to bend the section northeastward to 85.8° W north of 20° S, thereby passing through the deeper part of the equatorial ocean east of the Galapagos. The last station, no. 422, was occupied on April 10, 1993, and on April 13 the R/V Knorr arrived in Panama City. All 189 CTD/rosette stations were occupied close to the bottom. 4. DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES AND METHODS The data files p16ap17a.dat, p17ep19s.dat, and p19c.dat (see description in Part 2) in this numeric data package (NDP) contain the following variables: station number, cast number, sample number, bottle number, CTD pressure, CTD temperature, CTD salinity, CTD oxygen, potential temperature, bottle salinity, concentration of dissolved oxygen, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, CFC-11, CFC-12, TCO2, pCO2 measured at 4 and 20 C, and data-quality flags. The station inventory files p16ap17a.sta, p17ep19s.sta, and p19c.sta (see Part 2) contain the expocode, section number, station number, cast number, latitude, longitude, sampling date (i.e., month, day, year), sampling time, and sounding bottom depth for each station. 4.1 Hydrographic Measurements The ODF CTD/rosette casts were carried out with a 36-bottle rosette sampler of ODF manufacture using General Oceanics pylons. An ODF-modified NBIS Mark 3 CTD, a Benthos altimeter, a SensorMedics oxygen sensor, and a SeaTech transmissometer provided by Texas A&M University were mounted on the rosette frame. Seawater samples were collected in 10-L PVC Niskin and ODF bottles mounted on the rosette frame. A Benthos pinger was mounted separately on the rosette frame; its signal was displayed on the precision depth recorder (PDR) in the ship's laboratory. The rosette/CTD was suspended from a three-conductor electromagnetic cable that provided power to the CTD and relayed the CTD signal to the laboratory. Each CTD cast extended to within approximately 10 m of the bottom unless the bottom returns from both the pinger and the altimeter were extremely poor. Subsets of CTD data taken at the time of water sample collection were transmitted to the bottle data files immediately after each cast in order to provide pressure and temperature at the sampling depth and to facilitate the examination and quality control of the bottle data as the laboratory analyses were completed. After each rosette cast was brought on board, water samples were drawn in the following order: CFC-11 and CFC-12, helium-3, oxygen, pCO2, TCO2, and 14C. Tritium, nutrients (silicate, phosphate, nitrate and nitrite), and salinity were drawn next and could be sampled in arbitrary order. All CTD pressures, temperatures, salinities, and oxygen concentrations for the bottle data tabulations on the rosette casts were obtained by averaging CTD data for a brief interval at the time the bottle was closed on the rosette. A single ODF-modified Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometer (Serial Number 57-396), located in a temperature-controlled laboratory, was used to measure salinities. Analyses and data acquisition were controlled by a small computer through an interface board designed by ODF. The salinometer cell was flushed until successive readings met software criteria, then two successive measurements were made and averaged for a final result. Salinity samples were analyzed for the rosette casts and the large-volume casts from both the piggyback bottle and the Gerard barrel. Salinity samples were drawn into 200-mL Kimax® high alumina borosilicate bottles, after 3 rinses, and were sealed with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene screw caps. This assembly provides very low container dissolution and sample evaporation. If loose inserts were found, they were replaced to ensure an airtight seal. Salinity was determined after sample equilibration to laboratory temperature, usually within 8-36 hours of collection. Salinity was calculated according to the equations of the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (UNESCO 1981). The salinometer was standardized for each cast with IAPSO standard seawater using at least one fresh vial per cast. The estimated accuracy of bottle salinities run at sea is usually better than 0.002 relative to the particular standard seawater batch used. Although the laboratory precision of the Autosal can be as small as 0.0002 when running replicate samples under ideal conditions, at sea the expected precision is about 0.001 under normal conditions, with a stable lab temperature. Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an SIO-designed automated oxygen titrator using photometric end-point detection based on the absorption of 365-nanometer wavelength ultraviolet light. Thiosulfate was dispensed by a Dosimat 665 buret driver fitted with a 1.0-mL buret. ODF used a whole-bottle Winkler titration following the technique of Carpenter (1965) with modifications by Culberson and Williams (1991), but with higher concentrations of potassium iodate standard (approximately 0.012N) and thiosulfate solution (50 gm/L). Standard solutions prepared from pre-weighed potassium iodate crystals were run at the beginning of each session of analyses, which typically included from one to three stations. Several standards were made up during each cruise and compared to assure that the results were reproducible and to preclude the possibility of a weighing error. Reagent/distilled water blanks were determined to account for oxidizing or reducing materials in the reagents. The auto-titrator generally performed very well. A decrease in voltage output led to changing the UV source lamp during the cruise. Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen analyses soon after the rosette sampler was brought on board and after CFCs and helium were drawn. Nominal 125-mL volume-calibrated iodine flasks were rinsed twice with minimal agitation, then filled via a drawing tube, and allowed to overflow for at least 3 flask volumes. The sample temperature was measured with a small platinum resistance thermometer embedded in the drawing tube. Reagents were added to fix the oxygen before stoppering. The flasks were shaken twice (immediately after drawing and then again after 20 minutes), to assure thorough dispersion of the MnO(OH)2 precipitate. The samples were analyzed within 4 36 hours of collection. Oxygen data were converted from milliliters per liter to micromoles per kilogram using the in-situ temperature. Nutrient analyses (phosphate, silicate, nitrate, and nitrite) were performed on an ODF-modified AutoAnalyzer II, generally within a few hours of the cast, although some samples may have been refrigerated at 2-6°C for a maximum of 12 hours. The procedures used are described in Gordon et al. (1992). Silicate is analyzed using the basic method of Armstrong et al. (1967). Ammonium molybdate is added to a seawater sample to produce silicomolybdic acid which is then reduced to silicomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of stannous chloride. The sample is passed through a 15-mm flow cell and measured at 820 nanometers. This response is known to be nonlinear at high silicate concentrations; this nonlinearity is included in ODF's software. A modification of the Armstrong et al. (1967) procedure is used for the analysis of nitrate and nitrite. For nitrate analysis, a seawater sample is passed through a cadmium column where the nitrate is reduced to nitrite. This nitrite is then diazotized with sulfanilamide and coupled with N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine to form an azo dye. The sample is then passed through a 15-mm flow cell and measured at 540 nanometers. A 50-mm flow cell is required for nitrite. The procedure is the same for the nitrite analysis less the cadmium column. Phosphate is analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt and Wilhelms (1967) method. Ammonium molybdate is added to a seawater sample to produce phosphomolybdic acid, which is then reduced to phosphomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of dihydrazine sulfate. The sample is passed through a 50-mm flow cell and measured at 820 nanometers. Nutrient samples were drawn into 45-mL high-density polypropylene, narrow mouth, screw-capped centrifuge tubes that were rinsed three times before filling. Standardizations were performed at the beginning and end of each group of analyses (one cast, usually 36 samples) with a set of an intermediate concentration standard prepared for each run from secondary standards. These secondary standards were in turn prepared aboard ship by dilution from dry, pre-weighed standards. Sets of 4 to 6 different concentrations of shipboard standards were analyzed periodically to determine the deviation from linearity as a function of concentration for each nutrient. Nutrients, reported in micromoles per kilogram, were converted from micromoles per liter by dividing by sample density calculated at zero pressure, in-situ salinity, and an assumed laboratory temperature of 25°C. 4.2 Carbon Measurements To measure the TCO2 concentration in seawater, a coulometric analysis system was used during all cruises. This system has been described by Chipman et al. (1993) and consists of a coulometer (Model 5011), manufactured by UIC, Inc. (Jolliet, Ill.), and a sample introduction/CO2 extraction system of LDEO design. The TCO2 concentration in 4419 water samples was analyzed. In addition, 758 determinations were made at sea for 260 bottles of the Certified Reference Material (CRM) (batch nos. 12 and 13) yielding an average value of 1983.0 ± 1.5 µmol/kg for 166 analyses during leg P16A/P17A, 2013.7 ± 2.1 µmol/kg for 233 analyses during leg P17E/P19S, and 2015.3 ± 1.9 µmol/kg for 359 analyses during leg P19C. These compare with the SIO manometric values of 1984.0 ± 0.7 µmol/kg (N=7), 2015.1 ± 0.6 µmol/kg (N=7), and 2015.1 ± 0.6 µmol/kg (N=7) respectively. The CRMs were prepared by Dr. Andrew Dikson of SIO and analyzed manometrically by Dr. C. D. Keeling of SIO. The mean difference between the shipboard analyses by the LDEO group and the manometric analyses by SIO (LDEO - SIO) for CRM has been estimated to be -1.0 ± 1.7 µmol/kg for Section P16A/P17A, -1.4 ± 2.2 µmol/kg for P17E/P19S, and 0.2 ± 2.0 µmol/kg for P19C. The overall precision of all TCO2 measurements is estimated to be ~±2 µmol/kg. To measure the pCO2 in seawater, a fully automated equilibrator gas chromatograph system was used during the cruises. This system has been described by Chipman et al. (1993). The pCO2 in 4419 water samples was measured. Because pCO2 is strongly affected by temperature changes, the equilibration flasks were kept in a constant-temperature water bath of 20 or 4°C depending on latitude of sampling. The precision of the pCO2 measurements has been estimated to be ~±0.12% for a single station based on the reproducibility of replicate equilibrations. However, the station-to-station reproducibility was about ±0.5%. A full description of methods and instrumentation used to perform the TCO2 and pCO2 measurements during the R/V Knorr expeditions along WOCE Sections P16A/P17A, P17E/P19S, and P19C is provided in Takahashi et al. (1998), which is reprinted in the Appendix of this documentation. 4.3 Shore-Based Replicate Measurements The replicate samples from 16 Niskin bottles at 8 stations were collected for shore-based reference analyses during Section P16A/P17A, from only 2 bottles at 1 station during Section P17E/P19S, and from 18 Niskin bottles at 10 stations during Section P19C. The analyses were performed at the laboratory of Dr. C. D. Keeling of SIO. The TCO2 measurements were produced by vacuum extraction/manometric analysis in controlled laboratory conditions using standards. Samples were collected from the same Niskin bottles used to collect samples for shipboard analyses of TCO2. The shore-based analyses employed a precise and proven methodology to provide information on the quality of shipboard analyses (Guenther et al. 1994). For all shore-based analyses during Section P16A/P17A, a replicate s (standard deviation of shore-based analyses calculated from bottle pair agreement) of 1.19 µmol/kg for 14 unflagged pairs was calculated, with no deltas greater then 3s. The average difference for 14 comparisons of single replicate samples comparing ship and shore TCO2 values (LDEO - SIO) was -3.4 ± 1.8 µmol/kg (Table 1). This compares with the (LDEO - SIO) difference for the CRM analyses of -1.0 ± 1.7 µmol/kg. The observed difference of 2.4 µmol/kg is somewhat greater than the standard deviations for the respective measurements, and suggests an addition of CO2 during the storage period of the SIO seawater samples. For all shore-based analyses during Section P19C, a replicate s of 0.48 µmol/kg for 17 unflagged pairs was calculated, with no deltas greater than 3s. The average difference for 15 comparisons of single replicate samples comparing ship and shore TCO2 values (LDEO SIO) was -1.1 ± 1.9 µmol/kg (Table 2). This compares with the (LDEO - SIO) difference for the CRM analyses of 0.2 ± 2.0 µmol/kg. The observed difference is within the standard deviations for the respective analytical methods. Hence, the results of the SIO analyses of the stored samples are in agreement with the shipboard TCO2 data measured by LDEO. Only two water samples were compared for Section P17E/P19S. These represent too few data points for meaningful comparative analyses. Table 1. Summary of total CO2 replicate data collected during R/V Knorr expedition along WOCE Section P16A/P17A THE CARBON DIOXIDE PROJECT OF THE SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY Knorr 138 Leg 9 WOCE Lines P16A and P17A ----------------------------------------- SUMMARY OF DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON DATA S.I.O. RUN BOTTLE BOTTLE "NISKIN" LDEO LDEO LEG LAT. CAST DEPTH SAMPLE EXTRAC ANALYSIS MANO SAMPLE RUN DELTA DIC DELTA AVG DIC -S.I.O. STN LONG. NISK (M) DATE DATE DATE TYPE BOTTLE RUN FLAG ------------------ (µmol/kg SW) ----------------------- 9 44- 0S 1 1 11 16OCT92 03FEB93 04FEB93 M R5612 001 F 2081.21 2081.21 16 150-30W 03FEB93 04FEB93 M R5613 001 2072.49 2072.49 -8.72 2076.85 2107.40 30.55 1 26 2790 03FEB93 04FEB93 M R5610 001 2303.47 2303.47 03FEB93 04FEB93 M R5611 001 2304.50 2304.50 +1.03 2303.99 2297.40 -6.59 9 57- 0S 1 1 3 25OCT92 16FEB93 18FEB93 M R5620 001 2146.25 2146.25 42 150-30W 16FEB93 18FEB93 M R5621 001 2147.40 2147.40 +1.15 2146.82 2146.90 0.08 1 32 2998 16FEB93 18FEB93 M R5618 001 2262.44 2262.44 16FEB93 18FEB93 M R5619 001 2264.04 2264.04 +1.60 2263.24 2258.50 -4.74 9 62-14S 1 12 7 30OCT92 30MAR94 05APR94 E R5624 001 2167.84 2167.84 55 140- 0W 30MAR94 05APR94 E R5625 001 2168.44 2168.44 +0.60 2168.14 2166.70 -1.44 1 27 2512 28MAR94 05APR94 E R5622 001 2261.50 2261.50 28MAR94 05APR94 E R5623 001 2262.01 2262.01 +0.51 2261.76 2256.90 -4.86 9 52-30S 2 1 8 09NOV92 30MAR93 11MAY93 E R5672 001 2092.99 2092.99 80 135- 0W 30MAR93 11MAY93 E R5673 001 2095.12 2095.12 +2.13 2094.06 2091.40 -2.66 2 29 3053 29MAR93 11MAY93 E R5670 001 2262.93 2262.93 29MAR93 11MAY93 E R5671 001 2262.53 2262.53 -0.40 2262.73 2260.00 -2.73 9 45-30S 1 1 3 13NOV92 04MAR93 05MAR93 M R5676 001 F 2069.36 2069.36 94 135- 0W 04MAR93 05MAR93 M R5677 001 2075.17 2075.17 +5.81 2072.27 2068.70 -3.57 1 24 3037 04MAR93 05MAR93 M R5674 001 2298.86 2298.86 04MAR93 05MAR93 M R5675 001 2296.80 2296.80 -2.06 2297.83 2295.40 -2.43 9 40-31S 1 1 2 16NOV92 07APR93 09APR93 E R5680 001 2041.61 2041.61 104 135- 0W 07APR93 09APR93 E R5681 001 2042.88 2042.88 +1.27 2042.24 2038.80 -3.44 1 26 3027 06APR93 09APR93 E R5678 B001 2297.91 2297.91 06APR93 09APR93 E R5679 001 2299.60 2299.60 +1.69 2298.76 2296.30 -2.46 9 35- 0S 1 1 1 19NOV92 19OCT93 22OCT93 E R5614 001 2033.62 2033.62 115 135- 0W 19OCT93 22OCT93 E R5615 001 2031.89 2031.89 -1.73 2032.76 2029.40 -3.36 1 29 2980 20OCT93 22OCT93 E R5616 001 2309.01 2309.01 20OCT93 22OCT93 E R5617 001 2307.36 2307.36 -1.65 2308.19 2305.00 -3.19 9 33- 0S 2 2 23 20NOV92 15JUN93 17JUN93 E R5684 001 2031.07 2031.07 119 135- 0W 15JUN93 17JUN93 E R5685 001 2033.31 2033.31 +2.24 2032.19 2028.60 -3.59 2 28 2901 15JUN93 17JUN93 E R5682 001 2303.94 2303.94 15JUN93 17JUN93 E R5683 001 2300.83 2300.83 -3.11 2302.39 2295.80 -6.59 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MANOMETER TYPE: FLAGS: M = CONSTANT VOLUME MERCURY MANOMETER DATUM F: Pair data excluded from E = ELECTRONIC CONSTANT-VOLUME MANOMETER DATUM comparison due to delta > 4 µmol/kg. BOTTLE TYPE: R = RODAVISS NOTE: Dilution factor of 1.000340 has been applied. Table 2. Summary of total CO2 replicate data collected during R/V Knorr expedition along WOCE Section P19C THE CARBON DIOXIDE PROJECT OF THE SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY Knorr 138 Leg 12 WOCE Line P19C -------------------------------- SUMMARY OF DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON DATA S.I.O. RUN BOTTLE BOTTLE "NISKIN" LDEO LDEO LEG LAT. CAST DEPTH SAMPLE EXTRAC ANALYSIS MANO SAMPLE RUN DELTA DIC DELTA AVG DIC -S.I.O. STN LONG. NISK (M) DATE DATE DATE TYPE BOTTLE RUN FLAG ------------------ (µmol/kg SW) ----------------------- 12 52- 0S 1 36 0 02MAR93 11OCT93 12OCT93 E R5628 001 2087.35 2087.35 260 88- 0W 11OCT93 12OCT93 E R5629 001 2088.28 2088.28 +0.93 2087.82 2085.70 -2.12 1 10 2904 19OCT93 22OCT93 E R5626 001 2276.01 2276.01 19OCT93 22OCT93 E R5627 001 2276.03 2276.03 +0.02 2276.02 2271.90 -4.12 12 45-30S 1 36 2 05MAR93 05MAY94 16MAY94 E R5632 001 EX 2085.25 273 88- 0W 05MAY94 16MAY94 E R5633 001 2064.20 2064.20 2064.20 2061.80 -2.40 12 34-30S 1 36 0 12MAR93 12JUL93 14JUL93 E R5636 001 2001.64 2001.64 295 88- 0W 12JUL93 14JUL93 E R5637 001 2001.79 2001.79 +0.15 2001.72 1999.30 -2.42 1 6 2997 09JUL93 14JUL93 E R5634 001 2296.93 2296.93 09JUL93 14JUL93 E R5635 001 2296.83 2296.83 -0.10 2296.88 2294.20 -2.68 12 28-30S 1 36 0 14MAR93 05MAY94 16MAY94 E R5640 001 2050.78 2050.78 307 88- 0W 05MAY94 16MAY94 E R5641 001 2051.98 2051.98 +1.20 2051.38 2049.00 -2.38 12 24-20S 2 36 0 17MAR93 11JUN93 17JUN93 E R5644 001 2058.93 2058.93 317 88- 0W 11JUN93 17JUN93 E R5645 001 2059.14 2059.14 +0.21 2059.03 2058.00 -1.03 2 6 2999 11JUN93 17JUN93 E R5642 001 2308.00 2308.00 11JUN93 17JUN93 E R5643 001 2308.27 2308.27 +0.27 2308.14 2310.60 2.46 12 16-51S 1 36 0 21MAR93 06MAY94 16MAY94 E R5654 001 2046.24 2046.24 333 86-24W 06MAY94 16MAY94 E R5655 001 2046.08 2046.08 -0.16 2046.16 2043.40 -2.76 1 9 2878 06MAY94 16MAY94 E R5652 001 2325.50 2325.50 06MAY94 16MAY94 E R5653 001 2326.10 2326.10 +0.60 2325.80 2325.30 -0.50 12 12-30S 2 36 0 23MAR93 09JUN93 10JUN93 E R5658 001 2032.78 2032.78 342 85-50W 09JUN93 10JUN93 E R5659 001 2033.96 2033.96 +1.18 2033.37 2031.60 -1.77 2 8 2999 09JUN93 10JUN93 E R5656 001 2334.52 2334.52 09JUN93 10JUN93 E R5657 001 2334.51 2334.51 -0.01 2334.52 2336.10 1.58 12 6- 0S 1 36 0 27MAR93 15NOV93 17NOV93 E R5662 001 1908.79 1908.79 355 85-50W 15NOV93 17NOV93 E R5663 001 1908.44 1908.44 -0.35 1908.61 1908.30 -0.31 1 7 2834 09NOV93 10NOV93 E R5660 001 2347.12 2347.12 09NOV93 10NOV93 E R5661 001 2346.74 2346.74 -0.38 2346.93 2346.70 -0.23 12 13- 2N 2 36 1 09APR93 19MAY93 20MAY93 E R5588 001 1895.14 1895.14 413 91-45W 19MAY93 20MAY93 E R5589 001 1895.91 1895.91 +0.77 1895.53 1894.80 -0.73 2 10 3752 19MAY93 20MAY93 E R5586 001 2361.26 2361.26 19MAY93 20MAY93 E R5587 001 2361.87 2361.87 +0.61 2361.57 12 13-19N 1 31 0 09APR93 18MAY93 20MAY93 E R5592 001 1912.19 1912.19 417 91-40W 18MAY93 20MAY93 E R5593 001 1910.63 1910.63 -1.56 1911.41 1913.00 1.59 1 71 2667 17MAY93 20MAY93 E R5590 001 2364.16 2364.16 17MAY93 20MAY93 E R5591 001 R 2364.18 2364.18 +0.02 2364.17 2376.80 12.63 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MANOMETER TYPE: FLAGS: E = ELECTRONIC CONSTANT-VOLUME MANOMETER DATUM R: Comparison excluded from analysis because >3s from average. BOTTLE TYPE: R = RODAVISS EX: Data excluded from analysis for cause. NOTE: Dilution factor of 1.000340 has been applied. 5. DATA CHECKS AND PROCESSING PERFORMED BY CDIAC An important part of the NDP process at the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) involves the quality assurance (QA) of data before distribution. Data received at CDIAC are rarely in a condition that would permit immediate distribution, regardless of the source. To guarantee data of the highest possible quality, CDIAC conducts extensive QA reviews that involve examining the data for completeness, reasonableness, and accuracy. Although they have common objectives, these reviews are tailored to each data set and often require extensive programming efforts. In short, the QA process is a critical component in the value-added concept of supplying accurate, usable data for researchers. The following information summarizes the data processing and QA checks performed by CDIAC on the data obtained during the three R/V Knorr cruises in the South Pacific Ocean (WOCE Sections P16A/P17A, P17E/P19S, and P19C). 1. Carbon-related data and preliminary hydrographic measurements were provided to CDIAC by Taro Takahashi and Stewart Sutherland of LDEO. The final hydrographic and chemical measurements and the station information files were provided by the WOCE Hydrographic Program Office after quality evaluation. A FORTRAN 77 retrieval code was written and used to merge and reformat all data files. 2. The designation for missing values, given as -9.0 in the original files, was changed to -999.9. 3. To check for obvious outliers, all data were plotted with a PLOTNEST.C program written by Stewart C. Sutherland (LDEO). The program plots a series of nested profiles, using the station number as an offset; the first station is defined at the beginning, and subsequent stations are offset by a fixed interval. Several outliers were identified and removed after consultation with the principal investigators. 4. To identify "noisy" data and possible systematic, methodological errors, property-property plots for all parameters were generated, carefully examined, and compared with plots from previous expeditions in the South Pacific Ocean. 5. All variables were checked for values exceeding physical limits, such as sampling depth values that are greater than the given bottom depths. 6. Dates and times were checked for bogus values (e.g., values of MONTH < 1 or > 12, DAY < 1 or > 31, YEAR < or > 1992 or 1993, TIME < 0000 or > 2400. 7. Station locations (latitudes and longitudes) and sampling times were examined for consistency with maps and cruise information supplied by Takahashi et al. (1998). 6. HOW TO OBTAIN THE DATA AND DOCUMENTATION This database is available on request in machine-readable form, without charge, from CDIAC. CDIAC will also distribute subsets of the database as needed. It can be acquired on 8- mm tape; on 150-mB, ¼-in. tape cartridge; on MAC- or IBM-formatted floppy diskettes; or from CDIAC's anonymous File Transfer Protocol (FTP) area through the Internet (see FTP address below). Requests should include any specific media instructions required by the user to access the data (e.g., 3.5- or 5.25-in. floppy diskettes, high or low density; and 8200 or 8500 format, 8- mm tape). Requests should be addressed to Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Post Office Box 2008 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335 U.S.A. Telephone: (423) 574-0390 or (423) 574-3645 Fax: (423) 574-2232 Electronic Mail: cdiac@ornl.gov The data files can also be acquired from CDIAC's anonymous FTP account via Internet:  FTP to cdiac.esd.ornl.gov (128.219.24.36),  Enter "ftp" or "anonymous" as the user ID,  Enter your electronic mail address as the password (e.g.,"alex@alex.esd.ornl.gov"),  Change to the directory "/pub/ndp065", and  Acquire the files using the FTP "get" or "mget" command. As an alternative, you can access the following World Wide Webb URL: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/home.html 7. REFERENCES Armstrong, F. A. J., C. R. Stearns, and J. D. H. Strickland. 1967. The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Res. 14:381-89. Bernhardt, H., and A. Wilhelms. 1967. The continuous determination of low level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer. Technicon Symp. 1:385-89. Brewer, P. G., C. Goyet, and D. Dyrssen. 1989. Carbon dioxide transport by ocean currents at 25° N latitude in the Atlantic Ocean. Science 246:477-79. Bryden, H. L., and M. M. Hall. 1980. Heat transport by ocean currents across 25° N latitude in the North Atlantic Ocean. Science 207:884. Carpenter, J. H. 1965. The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler dissolved oxygen method. Limnol. Oceanogr. 10:141-43. Chipman, D. W., J. Marra, and T. Takahashi. 1993. Primary production at 47° N and 20° W in the North Atlantic Ocean: A comparison between the 14C incubation method and the mixed layer carbon budget. Deep-Sea Res. 40:151-69. Culberson, C. H., and R. T. Williams. 1991. A Comparison of Methods for the Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater. Report No. WHPO 91-2. WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. Gordon, L. I., J. C. Jennings, Jr., A. A. Ross, and J. M. Krest. 1992. A Suggested Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater Nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Programme and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study. Technical Report No. 92-1. College of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg. Guenther, P. R., C. D. Keeling, and G. Emanuele III. 1994. Oceanic CO2 Measurements for the WOCE Hydrographic Survey in the Pacific Ocean, 1990-1991: Shore Based Analyses. SIO Reference Series, Ref. No. 94-28. University of California, San Diego, Calif. Roemmich, D., and C. Wunsch. 1985. Two transatlantic sections: Meridional circulation and heat flux in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 32:619-64. Takahashi, T., D. W. Chipman, S. Rubin, J. G. Goddard, and S. C. Sutherland. 1998. Measurements of the Total CO2 Concentration and Partial Pressure of CO2 in Seawater During WOCE Expeditions P-16, P-17, and P-19 in the South Pacific Ocean, October, 1992 - April, 1993. Final Technical Report for grant DE-FGO2-93-ER61539, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, N.Y. Williams, P. J. 1990. Oceans, carbon, and climate change. Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), Halifax, Canada. UNESCO. 1981. Background Papers and Supporting Data on the Practical Salinity Scale, 1978. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 37. UNESCO, Paris. PART 2: CONTENT AND FORMAT OF DATA FILES 8. FILE DESCRIPTIONS This section describes the content and format of each of the nine files that comprise this NDP (see Table 3). Because CDIAC distributes the data set in several ways (e.g., via anonymous FTP and on floppy diskette), each of the nine files is referenced by both an ASCII file name, which is given in lower-case, bold-faced type (e.g., ndp065.txt), and a file number. The remainder of this section describes (or lists, where appropriate) the contents of each file. Table 3. Content, size, and format of data files File number, name, Logical File size and description records in bytes 1. ndp065.txt: 1,426 90,106 a detailed description of the cruise network, the two FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routines, and the six oceanographic data files 2. stainv.for: 46 1,387 a FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print the three station inventory files: p16ap17a.sta (File 4), p17ep19s.sta (File 5), and p19c.sta (File 6) 3. data.for: 56 2,282 a FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print the three data files: p16ap17a.dat (File 7), p17ep19s.dat (File 8), and p19c.dat (File 9) 4. p16ap17a.sta: 138 11,271 a listing of the station locations, sampling dates, and sounding bottom depths for each of the 127 stations of WOCE Section P16A/P17A 5. p17ep19s.sta: 116 9,489 a listing of the station locations, sampling dates, and sounding bottom depths for each of the 106 stations of WOCE Section P17E/P19S 6. p19c.sta: 200 16,293 a listing of the station locations, sampling dates, and sounding bottom depths for each of the 189 stations of WOCE Section P19C 7. p16ap17a.dat: 4,426 791,641 hydrographic, carbon dioxide, and chemical data from 127 stations of WOCE Section P16A/P17A 8. p17ep19s.dat: 3,765 673,332 hydrographic, carbon dioxide, and chemical data from 106 stations of WOCE Section P17E/P19S 9. p19c.dat: 6,356 1,137,111 hydrographic, carbon dioxide, and chemical data from 189 stations of WOCE Section P19C ______ _______ Total 16,529 2,730,087 8.1 ndp065.txt (File 1) This file contains a detailed description of: the data set, the two FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routines, and the six oceanographic data files. It exists primarily for the benefit of individuals who acquire this database as machine-readable data files from CDIAC. 8.2 stainv.for (File 2) This file contains a FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print three station inventory files: p16ap17a.sta (File 4), p17e19s.sta (File 5), and p19c.sta (File 6). The following is a listing of this program. For additional information regarding variable definitions, variable lengths, variable types, units, and codes, please see the description for files 4, 5, and 6. c******************************************************************** c* FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print the files * c* named "p16ap17a.sta", p17ep19s.sta, and p19c.sta (Files 4, 5, 6) * c******************************************************************** c*Defines variables* INTEGER stat, cast, depth REAL latdcm, londcm CHARACTER expo*10, sect*9, date*10, time*4 OPEN (unit=1, file='input.sta') OPEN (unit=2, file='output.sta') write (2, 5) c*Writes out column labels* 5 format (1X, 'STATION INVENTORY: R/V KNORR',/, 1 1X,'EXPOCODE',3X,'SECT',6X,'STNBR',2X,'CAST',9X, 2 'DATE',2X,'TIME',2X,'LATITUDE',2X,'LONGITUDE',2X, 3 'DEPTH',/) c*Sets up a loop to read and format all the data in the file* read (1, 6) 6 format (//////////) 7 CONTINUE read (1, 10, end=999) expo, sect, stat, cast, date, time, 1 latdcm, londcm, depth 10 format (A10, 2X, A9, 3X, I3, 5X, I1, 3X, A10, 2X, A4, 3X, 1 F7.3, 3X, F8.3, 3X, I4) write (2, 20) expo, sect, stat, cast, date, time, 1 latdcm, londcm, depth 20 format (A10, 2X, A9, 3X, I3, 5X, I1, 3X, A10, 2X, A4, 3X, 1 F7.3, 3X, F8.3, 3X, I4) GOTO 7 999 close(unit=5) close(unit=2) stop end 8.3 data.for (File 3) This file contains a FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print three data files: p16ap17a.dat (File 7), p17ep19s.dat (File 8), and p19c.dat (File 9). The following is a listing of this program. For additional information regarding variable definitions, variable lengths, variable types, units, and codes, please see the description for files 7, 8, and 9. c******************************************************************** c* FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print the files * c* named "p16ap17a.dat", p17ep19s.dat, and p19c.dat (Files 7, 8, 9) * c******************************************************************** CHARACTER qualt*13 INTEGER sta, cast, samp, bot REAL pre, ctdtmp, ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, sal, oxy, silca REAL nitrat, nitrit, phspht, cfc11, cfc12, tcarb, pco2 REAL pco2tmp OPEN (unit=1, file='input.dat') OPEN (unit=2, file='output.dat') write (2, 5) c*Writes out column labels* 5 format (2X,'STNNBR',2X,'CASTNO',2X,'SAMPNO',2X,'BTLNBR',2X, 1 'CTDPRS',2X,'CTDTMP',2X,'CTDSAL',2X,'CTDOXY',3X,'THETA',4X, 2 'SALNTY',2X,'OXYGEN',2X,'SILCAT',2X,'NITRAT',2X,'NITRIT',2X, 3 'PHSPHT',3X,'CFC-11',3X,'CFC-12',2X,'TCARBN',4X,'PCO2',1X, 4 'PCO2TMP', 8X,'QUALT1',/, 5 36X,'DBAR',2X,'ITS-90',2X,'PSS-78',1X,'UMOL/KG',3X,'DEG_C', 6 4X,'PSS-78',1X,5('UMOL/KG',1X),1X,'PMOL/KG',2X,'PMOL/KG', 7 1X,'UMOL/KG',4X,'UATM',3X,'DEG_C',13X,'*',/, 8 25X,'*******',17X,2('*******',1X),10X,6('*******',1X),1X, 9 '*******',2X,3('*******',1X),20X,'*') c*Sets up a loop to read and format all the data in the file* read (1, 6) 6 format (////////////) 7 CONTINUE read (1, 10, end=999) sta, cast, samp, bot, pre, ctdtmp, 1 ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, sal, oxy, silca, nitrat, nitrit, 2 phspht, cfc11, cfc12, tcarb, pco2, pco2tmp, qualt 10 format (5X, I3, 7X, I1, 6X, I2, 6X, I2, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.4, 1 1X, F7.4, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.4, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2, 2 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F8.3, 1X, F8.3, 1X, F7.1, 3 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, A13) write (2, 20) sta, cast, samp, bot, pre, ctdtmp, 1 ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, sal, oxy, silca, nitrat, nitrit, 2 phspht, cfc11, cfc12, tcarb, pco2, pco2tmp, qualt 20 format (5X, I3, 7X, I1, 6X, I2, 6X, I2, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.4, 1 1X, F7.4, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.4, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2, 2 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F8.3, 1X, F8.3, 1X, F7.1, 3 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, A13) GOTO 7 999 close(unit=1) close(unit=2) stop end 8.4 p16ap17a.sta (File 4), p17ep19s.sta (File 5), and p19c.sta (File 6) These files provide station inventory information for each of the 422 stations occupied during the R/V Knorr expeditions along WOCE Sections P16A/P17A, P17E/P19S, and P19C Each record of the files contains an expocode, section number, station number, cast number, sampling date, sampling time, latitude, longitude, and sounding bottom depth. The files are sorted by station number and can be read by using the following FORTRAN 77 code [contained in stainv.for (File 2)]: INTEGER stat, cast, depth REAL latdcm, londcm CHARACTER expo*10, sect*9, date*6, time*4 read (1, 10, end=999) expo, sect, stat, cast, date, time, 1 latdcm, londcm, depth 10 format (A10, 2X, A9, 3X, I3, 5X, I1, 3X, A10, 2X, A4, 3X, 1 F7.3, 3X, F8.3, 3X, I4) Stated in tabular form, the contents include the following: Variable Variable Variable Starting Ending type width column column expo Character 10 1 10 sect Character 9 13 21 stat Numeric 3 25 27 cast Numeric 1 33 33 date Character 6 37 46 time Character 4 49 52 latdcm Numeric 7 56 62 londcm Numeric 8 66 73 depth Numeric 4 77 80 The variables are defined as follows: expo is the expocode of the cruise; sect is the WOCE section number; stat is the station number; cast is the cast number; date is the sampling date (month/day/year); time is the sampling time (Greenwich mean time); lat is the latitude of the station (in decimal degrees; negative values indicate the Southern Hemisphere); lon is the longitude of the station (in decimal degrees; negative values indicate the Western Hemisphere); depth is the sounding depth of the station (in meters). 8.5 p16ap17a.dat (File 7), p17ep19s.dat (File 8), and p19c.dat (File 9) These files provide hydrographic, carbon dioxide, and chemical data for the all stations occupied during the R/V Knorr expeditions along WOCE Sections P16A/P17A, P17E/P19S, and P19C. Each record contains a station number, cast number, sample number, bottle number, CTD pressure, CTD temperature, CTD salinity, CTD oxygen, potential temperature, bottle salinity, oxygen, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, CFC-11, CFC-12, TCO2, pCO2, pCO2 temperature, and data-quality flags. The files are sorted by station number and pressure and can be read by using the following FORTRAN 77 code [contained in data.for (File 3)]: CHARACTER qualt*13 INTEGER sta, cast, samp, bot REAL pre, ctdtmp, ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, sal, oxy, silca REAL nitrat, nitrit, phspht, cfc11, cfc12, tcarb, pco2 REAL pco2tmp read (1, 10, end=999) sta, cast, samp, bot, pre, ctdtmp, 1 ctdsal, ctdoxy, theta, sal, oxy, silca, nitrat, nitrit, 2 phspht, cfc11, cfc12, tcarb, pco2, pco2tmp, qualt 10 format (5X, I3, 7X, I1, 6X, I2, 6X, I2, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.4, 1 1X, F7.4, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.4, 1X, F9.4, 1X, F7.1, 1X, F7.2, 2 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, F8.3, 1X, F8.3, 1X, F7.1, 3 1X, F7.2, 1X, F7.2, 1X, A13) Stated in tabular form, the contents include the following: Variable Variable Starting Ending Variable type width column column sta Numeric 3 6 8 cast Numeric 1 16 16 samp Numeric 2 23 24 bot Numeric 2 31 32 pre Numeric 7 34 40 ctdtmp Numeric 7 42 48 ctdsal Numeric 7 50 56 ctdoxy Numeric 7 58 64 theta Numeric 7 66 72 sal Numeric 9 74 82 oxy Numeric 7 84 90 silca Numeric 7 92 98 nitrat Numeric 7 100 106 nitrit Numeric 7 108 114 phspht Numeric 7 116 122 cfc11 Numeric 8 124 131 cfc12 Numeric 8 133 140 tcarb Numeric 7 142 148 pco2 Numeric 7 150 156 pco2tmp Numeric 7 158 164 qualt Character 14 166 178 The variables defined as follows: sta is the station number; cast is the cast number; samp is the sample number; bota is the bottle number; pre is the CTD pressure (in dbar); ctdtmp is the CTD temperature (in °C); ctdsala is the CTD salinity [on the Practical Salinity Scale (PSS)]; ctdoxya is the CTD oxygen concentration (in µmol/kg); theta is the potential temperature (in °C); sala is the bottle salinity (on the PSS); oxya is the oxygen concentration (in µmol/kg); silcaa is the silicate concentration (in µmol/kg); nitrata is the nitrate concentration (in µmol/kg); nitrita is the nitrite concentration (in µmol/kg); phsphta is the phosphate concentration (in µmol/kg); cfc11a is the trichlorofluoromethane-11 concentration (CCl3F) (in pmol/kg); cfc12a is the dichlorodifluoromethane-12 concentration (CCl2F2) (in pmol/kg); tcarba is the total carbon dioxide concentration (in µmol/kg); pco2a is the partial pressure of CO2 (in µatm and measured at pco2tmp); pco2tmp is the temperature of equilibration of the pCO2 samples in the equilibrator (in °C); qualt is a 13-digit character variable that contains data-quality flag codes for parameters marked with an asterisk (*) in the output file. ________________________________ aVariables that are underlined with asterisks in the data files to indicate they have a data-quality flag. Data-quality flags are defined as follows: 1 = sample for this measurement was drawn from water bottle, but results of analyses were not received; 2 = acceptable measurement; 3 = questionable measurement; 4 = bad measurement; 5 = not reported; 6 = mean of replicate measurements; 7 = manual chromatographic peak measurement; 8 = irregular digital chromatographic peak integration; 9 = sample was not drawn for this measurement from this bottle. 9. VERIFICATION OF DATA TRANSPORT The data files contained in this numeric data package can be read by using the FORTRAN 77 data retrieval programs provided. Users should visually examine each data file to verify that the data were correctly transported to their systems. To facilitate the visual inspection process, partial listings of each data file are provided in Tables 4 9. Each of these tables contains the first and last five lines of a data file. Table 4. Partial listing of p16ap17a.sta (File 4) First five lines of the file: 316N138/9 P16A/P17A 1 1 10/08/1992 0402 -21.493 -148.494 4445 316N138/9 P16A/P17A 2 1 10/10/1992 2220 -31.989 -147.980 4680 316N138/9 P16A/P17A 3 1 10/12/1992 0946 -37.496 -150.484 5491 316N138/9 P16A/P17A 4 1 10/12/1992 1613 -37.987 -150.500 5488 316N138/9 P16A/P17A 5 1 10/12/1992 2311 -38.494 -150.495 5420 Last five lines of the file: 316N138/9 P16A/P17A 123 1 11/23/1992 0116 -25.995 -139.917 4276 316N138/9 P16A/P17A 124 1 11/23/1992 1045 -25.000 -141.085 4565 316N138/9 P16A/P17A 125 1 11/23/1992 2027 -23.986 -142.154 4757 316N138/9 P16A/P17A 126 1 11/24/1992 0603 -22.997 -143.335 4638 316N138/9 P16A/P17A 127 1 11/24/1992 1454 -21.989 -144.411 3184 Table 5. Partial listing of p17ep19s.sta (File 5) First five lines of the file: 316N138/10 P17E/P19S 128 1 12/14/1992 0602 -52.500 -134.993 4340 316N138/10 P17E/P19S 129 1 12/14/1992 1150 -52.490 -134.161 4365 316N138/10 P17E/P19S 130 1 12/14/1992 1755 -52.504 -133.350 4376 316N138/10 P17E/P19S 131 1 12/14/1992 2334 -52.521 -132.540 4550 316N138/10 P17E/P19S 132 1 12/15/1992 0546 -52.512 -131.713 4151 Last five lines of the file: 316N138/10 P17E/P19S 229 2 01/17/1993 0055 -67.019 -87.994 4417 316N138/10 P17E/P19S 230 1 01/17/1993 1154 -67.671 -87.981 4240 316N138/10 P17E/P19S 231 1 01/17/1993 1840 -68.333 -87.977 3946 316N138/10 P17E/P19S 232 1 01/17/1993 2354 -68.871 -87.976 3534 316N138/10 P17E/P19S 233 1 01/18/1993 0410 -69.262 -88.108 3338 Table 6. Partial listing of p19c.sta (File 6) First five lines of the file: 316N138/12 P19C 234 1 02/23/1993 1609 -53.037 -74.914 126 316N138/12 P19C 235 1 02/23/1993 1844 -53.083 -74.963 486 316N138/12 P19C 236 1 02/23/1993 2124 -53.111 -75.024 1290 316N138/12 P19C 237 1 02/24/1993 0034 -53.139 -75.185 1830 316N138/12 P19C 238 1 02/24/1993 0350 -53.200 -75.494 2011 Last five lines of the file: 316N138/12 P19C 418 1 04/10/1993 0155 13.395 -91.639 1929 316N138/12 P19C 419 1 04/10/1993 0345 13.441 -91.615 1394 316N138/12 P19C 420 1 04/10/1993 0502 13.488 -91.596 790 316N138/12 P19C 421 1 04/10/1993 0633 13.516 -91.584 375 316N138/12 P19C 422 1 04/10/1993 0722 13.536 -91.576 200 Table 7. Partial listing of p16ap17a.dat (File 7) First five lines of the file: 1 1 1 1 3.9 26.2661 36.1059 207.6 26.2652 36.1057 204.6 2.79 0.12 0.00 0.19 1.750 0.965 2001.2 244.96 20.00 2222222226222 1 1 2 2 43.9 25.8404 36.0964 200.9 25.8307 36.0968 205.0 2.78 0.07 0.00 0.18 1.763 0.963 2005.3 258.04 20.00 2222222223322 1 1 3 3 78.2 24.6714 35.9992 207.9 24.6545 35.9951 208.5 2.53 0.06 0.00 0.14 1.880 1.010 2006.5 275.24 20.00 2222222222322 1 1 4 4 109.5 23.5618 35.9274 203.5 23.5390 35.9286 211.3 2.28 0.06 0.00 0.15 1.933 1.044 2008.7 269.24 20.00 2222222222322 1 1 5 5 134.3 22.9436 35.8547 204.0 22.9161 35.8491 204.4 2.27 0.05 0.00 0.19 -999.900 -999.900 2016.2 287.92 20.00 2222222221122 Last five lines of the file: 127 1 32 32 2383.4 1.8942 34.6526 157.2 1.7263 34.6540 156.7 123.44 35.31 0.00 2.43 -999.900 -999.900 -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 2222222221199 127 1 33 33 2585.5 1.8304 34.6589 160.0 1.6455 34.6601 159.8 124.06 35.19 0.00 2.43 -999.900 -999.900 -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 2222222221199 127 1 34 34 2796.2 1.7526 34.6664 162.3 1.5498 34.6670 162.2 125.32 35.18 0.00 2.40 -999.900 -999.900 -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 2222222221199 127 1 35 35 3005.5 1.7037 34.6711 164.9 1.4819 34.6713 164.4 125.94 35.39 0.00 2.38 -999.900 -999.900 -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 2222222221199 127 1 36 36 3202.9 1.6142 34.6785 167.3 1.3751 34.6786 168.1 126.13 35.27 0.00 2.36 -999.900 -999.900 -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 2222222221199 Table 8. Partial listing of p17ep19s.dat (File 8) First five lines of the file: 128 1 1 1 3.1 7.5993 34.3657 389.9 7.5990 34.3660 317.7 1.51 13.22 0.19 0.90 -999.900 -999.900 2076.5 255.10 4.00 2232222229922 128 1 2 2 29.8 7.4724 34.3706 376.5 7.4695 34.3704 317.9 1.51 13.27 0.18 0.91 4.126 2.090 2078.1 258.75 4.00 2232222226622 128 1 3 3 59.6 7.1725 34.3946 308.5 7.1670 34.3951 296.4 2.16 15.28 0.19 1.16 4.058 2.121 2104.1 296.33 4.00 2232222223222 128 1 4 4 89.3 6.9500 34.3988 291.2 6.9418 34.3982 292.6 4.53 16.49 0.19 1.25 -999.900 -999.900 2108.0 310.09 4.00 2232222229922 128 1 5 5 129.9 6.8629 34.4022 285.0 6.8511 34.4016 288.1 6.03 17.09 0.22 1.31 3.997 2.018 2111.6 320.31 4.00 2222222222222 Last five lines of the file: 233 1 30 30 2920.1 0.4277 34.7037 211.1 0.2415 34.7050 211.0 136.27 32.53 0.00 2.25 -999.900 0.011 -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 2222222225299 233 1 31 31 3074.3 0.4143 34.7038 212.1 0.2149 34.7042 211.7 137.01 32.57 0.00 2.25 0.021 0.012 -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 2222222222299 233 1 32 32 3180.8 0.4081 34.7042 211.9 0.1992 34.7046 210.9 138.14 32.57 0.00 2.25 0.019 0.014 -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 2222222222299 233 1 35 35 3264.7 0.3988 34.7045 213.0 0.1825 34.7044 211.5 138.89 32.57 0.00 2.25 0.015 0.008 -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 2222222222299 233 1 36 36 3343.6 0.3975 34.7043 211.8 0.1739 34.7048 211.3 140.03 32.57 0.00 2.26 0.018 0.013 -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 2222222222299 Table 9. Partial listing of p19c.dat (File 9) First five lines of the file: 234 1 76 76 2.4 11.4133 31.3495 304.0 11.4130 31.2499 288.4 1.30 2.74 0.33 0.61 -999.900 -999.900 1887.4 208.66 4.00 3224444449922 234 1 75 75 27.3 10.3959 33.6062 290.8 10.3927 33.6051 271.5 1.87 9.58 0.24 0.93 -999.900 -999.900 -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 2222222229999 234 1 70 70 44.0 10.0031 33.6981 287.9 9.9981 33.6982 270.8 1.89 11.06 0.22 0.99 -999.900 -999.900 2050.4 265.94 4.00 2222222229922 234 1 71 71 44.4 10.0031 33.6979 288.1 9.9981 -999.9000 270.7 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900 -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 2229299999999 234 1 72 72 45.7 9.9931 33.7005 288.1 9.9879 -999.9000 270.8 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.90 -999.900 -999.900 -999.9 -999.90 -999.90 2229299999999 Last five lines of the file: 422 1 5 5 101.2 14.5603 34.8300 17.1 14.5453 34.8288 17.5 23.29 28.97 0.03 2.26 0.696 0.337 2220.6 1255.93 20.00 2222222222222 422 1 4 4 125.2 14.2717 34.8336 17.6 14.2534 34.8330 17.6 23.49 29.34 0.05 2.26 0.658 0.302 2225.2 1275.83 20.00 2222222222222 422 1 3 3 149.2 13.8454 34.8359 15.5 13.8240 34.8318 14.7 24.50 30.08 0.05 2.33 0.576 0.252 2227.9 1313.08 20.00 2222222222222 422 1 70 70 174.0 13.6643 34.8415 15.6 13.6396 34.8336 15.5 25.30 29.96 0.02 2.29 0.571 0.274 2229.7 1294.89 20.00 2222222222222 422 1 71 71 189.2 13.6170 34.8372 15.0 13.5902 34.8365 15.4 25.31 30.01 0.02 2.30 0.568 0.247 2231.5 1277.82 20.00 2222222222222