ŠĻą”±į>ž’ `bž’’’_’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ģ„Įq` šæ.AbjbjqPqP 4D::Ž!’’’’’’¤¶¶¶¶¶¶¶Xd CCCC CD¼UR€pCpCpCpCpCKDKDKD°Q²Q²Q²Q²Q²Q²Q$ÕSh=V~ÖQ9¶ōJKDKDōJōJÖQ¶¶pCpCŪR|Q|Q|QōJ¦¶pC¶pC°Q|QōJ°Q|Q|Q¶¶|QpCdC wCvkwĖCšNb|Q°Q%R0UR|Q»VüPv»V|Q»V¶|Q4KDœēE&|Q GģłGūKDKDKDÖQÖQrQ KDKDKDURōJōJōJōJ¼¼¼Ä€*„¼¼¼€*ŹT6T¶¶¶¶¶¶’’’’ CW2005_01_ANZ Readme File Principal Investigator/Organization: Dr. Richard Feely NOAA/PMEL 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, WA 98115 (206) 526-6214 Richard.A.Feely@noaa.gov Ship Name: Columbus Waikato Call Sign: DHCF2 Country: Bremen, Germany Ship Owner: Alphaship (http://www.alphaship.de) Temporal Coverage: Cruise Start: January 12, 2005; Melbourne, Australia Cruise End: January 21, 2005; Auckland, New Zealand System Operator: Bronte Tilbrook; CSIRO Shoreside Support/Data Reduction: Cathy Cosca; NOAA/PMEL Dataset ID/Location: cw2005_01_anz.csv (www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/uwpco2/waikato_data.html) Experiment Name: Underway measurement of atmospheric and surface water pCO2 Geographical Bounds (+ E, - W for Longitude; + N, - S for Latitude): Westernmost Longitude: 144.676 Easternmost Longitude: 174.867 Northernmost Latitude: -34.020 Southernmost Latitude: -39.268 Method Description: Equilibrator type/specifications: Showerhead, volume of ~0.5 L with a headspace of ~ 0.8 L. Water Flow rate: 1.5 to 2 L/minute Headspace gas flow rate: 60 ml/minute Measurement method: Infrared absorption of dried gas. CO2 Sensor: Licor 6262, Serial # IRG3-1261 Resolution/Uncertainty: 0.3 uatm for equilibrator measurements, 0.2 utam for atmospheric measurements. Temperature measurements: Equilibrator Temperature: Superlogics RTD module 8013 with an Omega RTD PR-11-2-100-1 temperature probe. Accurate to ± 0.01°C. Sea Surface Temperature: A Seabird SBE 3 remote temperature probe was mounted in the sea chest approximately 5m below the sea surface. The SBE 3 was calibrated annually, with an accuracy of ± 0.01°C. Salinity: A Seabird SBE 21 thermosalinograph was mounted next to the underway pCO2 system in the engine room. The unit was calibrated annually and provided salinity accurate to 0.1. Pressure measurements: Pressure inside the equilibrator was measured with a Vaisala PTB210 pressure transducer, accurate to ± 0.15 hPa. The equilibrator was passively vented to a secondary equilibrator, and the Licor sample output was vented to the laboratory when CO2 measurements were made, thus equilibrator headspace pressure was assumed to be laboratory pressure. The general principle of instrumental design and operation are described in: Feely, R.A., R. Wanninkhof, H.B. Milburn, C.E. Cosca, M. Stapp, and P.P. Murphy, A new automated underway system for making high precision pCO2 measurements onboard research ships, Analytica Chim. Acta, 377, 185-191, 1998. and Wanninkhof and Thoning, Measurement of fugacity of Carbon Dioxide in surface water and air using continuous sampling methods, Marine Chemistry, 44, 189-205, 1993. Standard gases: Standard gases are supplied by NOAA’s Climate Monitoring Diagnostics Laboratory in Boulder, CO, and are directly traceable to the WMO scale. Any value outside the range of the standards should be considered approximate, although the general trends should be indicative of the seawater chemistry. Serial numbers and CO2 concentrations for the cylinders used on this cruise: LL55868 296.35 LL55864 355.07 LL55867 397.48 LL55866 468.48 Sampling Cycle: The system runs a full cycle in approximately 112 minutes. The cycle starts with 4 standard gases, then measures 10 atmospheric samples followed by 60 surface water samples. Each new gas is flushed through the Licor Analyzer for 4 minutes prior to a 10 second reading from the analyzer during which the sample cell is open to the atmosphere. Subsequent samples of the same gas are flushed through the Licor Analyzer for 30 seconds prior to a stop-flow measurement. Units: All xCO2 values are reported in parts per million by volume (ppmv) and fCO2 values are reported in microatmospheres (uatm) assuming 100 % humidity at the equilibrator temperature. Calculations: The mixing ratios of ambient air and equilibrated headspace air are calculated by fitting a second-order polynomial through the hourly averaged response of the detector versus mixing ratios of the standards. Mixing ratios of dried equilibrated headspace and air are converted to fugacity of CO2 in surface seawater and water saturated air in order to determine the fCO2. For ambient air and equilibrator headspace the fCO2a, or fCO2eq is calculated assuming 100% water vapor content: fCO2a/eq = xCO2a/eq(P-pH2O)exp(B11+2d12)P/RT where fCO2a/eq is the fugacity in ambient air or equilibrator, pH2O is the water vapor pressure at the sea surface temperature, P is the atmospheric pressure (in atm), T is the SST or equilibrator temperature (in K) and R is the ideal gas constant (82.057 cm^3·atm·deg^-1·mol^-1). The exponential term is the fugacity correction where B11 is the second virial coefficient of pure CO2 B11 = -1636.75 + 12.0408T - 0.032795T^2 + 3.16528E-5 T^3 and d12 = 57.7 - 0.118 T is the correction for an air-CO2 mixture in units of cm^3·mol^-1 (Weiss, 1974). The calculation for the fugacity at SST involves a temperature correction term for the increase of fCO2 due to heating of the water from passing through the pump and through 5 cm ID PVC tubing within the ship. The water in the equilibrator is typically 0.2 °C warmer than sea surface temperature. The empirical temperature correction from equilibrator temperature to SST is outlined in Weiss et al. (1982). dln(fCO2)=(teq-SST)(0.0317-2.7851E-4 teq - 1.839E-3 ln(fCO2eq)) where dln(fCO2) is the difference between the natural logarithm of the fugacity at teq and SST, and teq is the equilibrator temperature in degrees C. File Format COLUMN HEADER DESCRIPTION 1. GROUP/SHIP: PMEL/ColumbusWaikato 2. CRUISE_ID: CW__ANZ 3. JD_GMT: Decimal year day 4. Date_MM/DD/YYYY Date in the format MM/DD/YYYY 5. Date_DDMMYYYY Date in the format DDMMYYYY 6. TIME_HH:MM:SS: GMT HH:MM:SS 7. LAT_DEC_DEGREE: Latitude in decimal degrees (negative values are in southern hemisphere). 8. LONG_DEC_DEGREE: Longitude in decimal degrees (negative values are in western latitudes). 9. xCO2W_PPM: Mole fraction of CO2 (dry) in the headspace equilibrator at equilibrator temperature (Teq) in parts per million. Water comes from bow intake 2m below the water line. 10 xCO2A_PPM: Mole fraction of CO2 in air in parts per million. 11. xCO2A_INTERPOLATED_PPM: xCO2atm_ppm averaged linearly to match up with measurements xCO2eq_ppm 12. PRES_EQUIL_hPa: Barometric pressure in the equilibrator 13. PRES_SEALEVEL_hPa: Barometric pressure in the atmosphere 14. EqTEMP_C: Temperature in the equilibrator water. 15. SST(TSG)_C: Temperature from the ship's bow intake. 16. SAL(TSG)_PERMIL: Thermosalinograph salinity 17. fCO2W@SST_uATM: Fugacity of CO2 in sea water in microatmospheres calculated as outlined in the DOE Handbook. 18. CO2A_uATM: Fugacity of CO2 in air in microatmospheres 19. dfCO2_uatm: Sea water fCO2 - air fCO2 in microatmospheres. 20. QC_FLAG: Quality control flag 2 = Good value 3 = Questionable value 4 = Bad value 21. QC_SUBFLAG: Descriptive quality control flag used when a value receives a  3 QC flag 1 = Outside of Standard Range 2 = Questionable/interpolated SST 3 = Questionable EQU temperature 4 = Anomalous ”T (EqT  SST)( ± 1°C) 5 = Questionable Sea Surface Salinity 6 = Questionable pressure 7 = Low EQU gas flow 8 = Questionable air value 9= Interpolated standard value 10 = Other, see metadata References DOE (1994). Handbook of methods for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water; version 2. A.G. Dickson and C. Goyet, eds., ORNL/CDIAC-74. Feely, R.A., R. Wanninkhof, H.B. Milburn, C.E. Cosca, M. Stapp, and P.P. Murphy, A new automated underway system for making high precision pCO2 measurements onboard research ships, Analytica Chim. Acta, 377, 185-191, 1998. Wanninkhof, R. and K. Thoning (1993) Measurement of fugacity of CO2 in surface water using continuous and discrete sampling methods. Mar. Chem. 44(2-4): 189-205. Weiss, R. F. (1970) The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in water and seawater. Deep-Sea Research 17: 721-735. Weiss, R. F. (1974) Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas. Mar. Chem. 2: 203-215. B±»  , ? © ø ¹ » Ź Ń Ó ö  " h x ¶ ū {    • –  ž `ahi 7œ’ĆļįļįļįÓįļįĀļį“¦į—ÓļįļįļįļįŒ~ŒmŒ~ŒmŒhŒį hS\ hyzJhSCJOJQJ^JaJhSCJOJQJ^JaJhS hS5\h’4s5CJOJPJQJ^Jh’4sCJOJQJ^JaJh‹n”CJOJQJ^JaJ hX_b5CJOJPJQJ\^Jh’4sCJOJPJQJ^Jh‹n”CJOJPJQJ^J h‹n”5CJOJPJQJ\^J(BT^uˆ—°±Īąś+ , ? t Ø © Ņ Ó  g h µ ¶ ū żżżżżżżżżżżżżżżżżżżżżųżżżżżżgd’4s.Ażū ü  : Z z {  ī  9 q    ž i ’“ąćĆÄČÉmnżżżżżżżżżżżżżōōōōōżżżźżżżźż „Š„0ż^„Š`„0ż 7$8$H$gdSĆÅČÉo5C!×åꬭŗ×!&x#’%–%z&{&‡&ˆ&;'Ė'Ģ'((_(`(°)@€@@*AņäņäÓäÓäÓäĀ¾­Ÿ¾ĀŸ‘Ÿ¾ƒ¾Ÿ}¾qŸbŸqŸbŸ`ŸbŸUh’4sCJH*OJPJQJ^Jh’4sCJOJQJ^J h’4saJh’4sCJOJQJ^JaJhńACJOJPJQJ^Jh’4sCJOJPJQJ^J hush’4sCJOJQJ^JaJh’4s h’4s5CJOJPJQJ\^J h‹n”5CJOJPJQJ\^Jh‹n”CJOJPJQJ^Jhu1‚CJOJPJQJ^J%noØŖų%45E!Ö×åęCŸōJ£ŃŅżżżżżżżżżżżżżżżżųóóóóóóóóóóógd’4sgd’4s^¹ZŒĘĒįā34Œä<ŒŠŃm¬­¹ŗśśśśśśśśśśśśśśśśśśśśśśśõšėgd’4sgd’4sgd’4sgd’4sŗ×Ų’'(^_’“ĆÄńņ5RS©ĄĮ < … öńńńńńńńńńńčńńńŪńńŪńńŪŅ„°^„°gd’4s „ą„Š^„ą`„Šgd’4s„€ž]„€žgd’4sgd’4s„Š`„Šgd’4s… † Ź Ė !/!8!…!†!Ō!Õ!""K"L""€""ø"õ"ö"4#5#x#y#öńńńäńńńńńńńńńńńńńŪŪńńńÖgd’4s„°^„°gd’4s „ą„Š^„ą`„Šgd’4sgd’4s„ž]„žgd’4sy#¹#×#ģ#ķ#h$–$Ņ$%X%¢%ī%&&&A&a&z&{&‡&ˆ&ā&;'śśśśśńäääÓÓÓÓÓÓÓĪÉś¼¼ „Š„0ż^„Š`„0żgd’4sgd’4sgd’4s„ą„Š7$8$H$^„ą`„Šgd’4s „ą„Š^„ą`„Šgd’4s„°^„°gd’4sgd’4s;'(y(Į():)˜)°)Y@¤@„@¦@É@Õ@ß@ö@ AA+A,A-A.Aņķķķķķķķķķķķķķķķķķķķķgd’4s „Š„0ż^„Š`„0żgd’4sWeiss, R. F., R. A. Jahnke and C. D. Keeling (1982) Seasonal effects of temperature and salinity on the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater. Nature 300: 511-513. 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