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"  #  $   Achim Grelle*Examples of low flux during calm nights; some with a flux spike when mixing resumes Plots Temperature-normalized CO2 flux vs U* and compares with frequency distribution for U* values. Among European sites there is an estimated flux loss of 15-50% Recover 5-15% of loss when storage term is included@+Tf fDfszConsider possible causesMeasurement issue? Inadequate frequency response Need different averaging time or detrending time period Diffusion rather than Turbulence Probably OK - evidence from 100m tower. Decoupling or source area not representativeD-w(f- "  Advection Horizontal - Drainage flows Local convective driven by surface temperature heterogeneity Group raises question; Why is there consistently a loss? - no site gets excess flux non-zero vertical wind (Lee) l MT MT Efflux Responds to U* Pressure pumping contributes to soil flux Alteration of diffusion gradient reduces efflux CO2 at soil surface inversely dependent on U* Production suppressed by elevated CO2 These hypotheses imply a buildup in soil that can be testedZ.&<Z+$<f Vertical Transport in a Stable Layer is different Wave-like structures Transport properties depend on Stability and vary with height Scalars are not similar$2k2k ActionsNeed exact and extensive CO2 profiles Probably need to reject periods with low u* but be wary of double counting issue Quantifying catabatic (drainage) flow is difficult Vertical mass flux hard to measure Soil Co2 profiles needed to evaluate pressure pumping and regulation.ZR%6%]=  &Evidence from Flux Divergence Lindroth*'    Horizontal Advection Two sampling points with 1.5m perforated tubing 250m horizontal separation DC ~50 ppm for several days, magnitude and sign changed when rainy period ended spatial heterogeneity over small distances makes measurement of horizontal gradient difficult:KP]33R  Marc Aubinet1Horizontal and Vertical advection at Belgian site  Compared Wind rose above and below canopy for different stability classes In Unstable and Neutral conditions, winds below the canopy were coupled to those aloft In stable conditions there were downslope flows regardless of ambient wind 15 cm s-1; sureduced w 1.5 - 3 cm s-1; positive day negative at night Some issues with w offset and selection of which data to generate the long-term meanJIUJ "T3, 0  Example of a 3-day time series tDay 1: w and were small and variable; measurable FCO2 and Day 2:Consistent =25 cm s-1 w = -5 cm s-1 FCO2=0, low storage More generally, conditions vary and patterns are interupted '  K   #Frequency distribution of Cd - Cu was skewed to NEGATIVE values Accounted for systematic sensor offsets from the modal value in distribution. Horizontal and vertical advection terms partially offset each other Overall result noisy, however up to 30 mmol m-2s-1 in example period unrealistic33  3 Kim Pillegaard Beech forest in Denmark with an open understory and sparse groundcover Eddy covariance above canopy and in the trunkspace Continuous dynamic soil chambers - autoclosing Windy site - not severe flux loss at night,o # , Fluxes measured in trunkspace are a little higher than soil respiration than night some stem respiration Less CO2 efflux during midday due to ground vegetation CO2 concentration at 1m increases with decreasing u* Fluxes not dependent on concentration at 1mZTT1]  Meelis Mlder Within-stand dispersion experiment SF6 line source using permeation through silicone tubing 0,2,4 m height 1,5,11 m from tower Sampled into teflon bags long sampling interval, 2 profiles /dayZ\#(%6#(- Compared observations to predictions from Lagrangian Dispersion models from an elevated source: transport down less then predicted upward transport more than predicted Peter AnthoniWorking at young Ponderosa Pine stand in Metolius Nighttime respiration dependent on wind direction Flux reduction at high u* as well as low u* Footprint issue? Compared open and closed-path CO2 sensors OP always more positive value very large Webb correctionZ*9 9) Advection ExperimentsIMeasured CO2 gradients with sensor on a tram By necessity this runs normal to slope Level track, uneven ground -> measurement height not constant 1-1.5 ppm gradient along track Measurements in a low spot find higher CO2 when wind blows toward it Biases between independent measurement sensors make make the comparisons difficult.Z-e !eHo&Summary Discussion and recommendations''(Consider each term in continuity equation Turbulent term Evaluate computed fluxes with different averaging periods, detrending approaches distinctions between night/day or by stability? Vertical Advection sensitive to small errors in w systematic errors or rotation offsets? define rotation using neutral conditions Estimate random error real or artifact need to define accuracy goals and specify vertical resolution required Sample spatial variability*R0*3f3R0fSummary (continued)Horizontal Advection Need profile for u and C How many levels, what frequency horizontal average Horizontal and vertical advection linked Relate soil efflux at sampling points to measured gradients What about CO2 storage in the soil and inhibition?L3f % SynthesisTurbulent flux may be OK w' is small need to check that low-frequency components of flux are accurately computed Storage Necessary to measure Analysis of systems and their performance needed to formulate specific recommendation What about estimation of horizontal variabilityHX X Synthesis (cont.) Recommend some soil CO2 and porosity measurements. What is the impact of u* on soil CO2 u* correction by parameterization Site specific may not be necessary everywhere, but clearly needed where advection is apparent Much discussion about double-counting issue Quantify problem by integrating u* pdf with normalized fluxes vs. u* Consider stability or other parameters to define threshhold.|3%"  # " >'6  Future WorkIConsider an experiment Multiple measurement profiles Single measurement system with multiple inlets for CO profiles horizontal wind Temperature Sloped site Contrasting sites Need to evaluate seasonal pattern of stability conditions to select site and period Recommendations yet to come, propose to an appropriate European agencyZ[rG[rGs  ` ̙33` 3` 3333f` 999MMM` f` f3` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ `"  n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> ;(    Z2/gֳgֳ ?D / T Click to edit Master title style! !:  T2/gֳgֳ ?D / RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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R ш s *C :B ҈ 3 ~r:B ӈ 3 1~r:B Ԉ 3 1~9:B Ո 3 1~:B ֈ 3 1@9A:B ׈ 3 1@9::B ؈ 3 1^_:B و 3 1^:B ڈ 3 1j:B ۈ 3 1^:B ܈ 3 1j%:B ݈ 3 1jk:B ވ 3 10%1:B ߈ 3 1%&:B  3 10:B  3 1U :B  3 1:B  3 13U  4:B  3 1U V :B  3 13  :B  3 1 :B  3 1 :B  3 1 A :B  3 1 :B  3 1A :B  3 1A B :B  3 1 :B  3 1 :B  3 1 r:B  3 1 :B  3 1rs:B  3 8~S:B  3 8%&S:B  3 8 S:B  3 8rsS:B  3 8~r9:B @ 3 :B @ 3 :B @ 3 :B @ 3 :B @ 3 :B  3   <4'J*m I0.0*(  <'*9 I1.0*(  <'* I2.0*(  64w 3 ^Harvard Forest July 1988*(  < xKG  Q Probability*  (  6HX  O all times*  (R  s *7] R  s *;] R  s *] R  s * h] R  s *8 l#] R  s *% '] R  s * ] R  s * S ] R  s *P W  ] :B  3 _ ~r` :B  3 1_ ~r` :B  3 1~9:B  3 1~_ :B  3 19:B  3 19:_ :B  3 1:B  3 1_ :B  3 1 j :B  3 1_ :B  3 16 j%7 :B  3 1 jk_ :B  3 1# %$ :B  3 16 %&_ :B  3 1  :B  3 1# _ :B  3 1 U :B  3 1 _ :B  3 1N U  O :B  3 1 U V _ :B ! 3 1_  ` :B " 3 1N   _ :B # 3 1_ ` :B $ 3 1_ ` :B % 3 1_ A ` :B & 3 1_ ` :B ' 3 1_ A ` :B ( 3 1_ A B ` :B ) 3 1_ ` :B * 3 1_ ` :B + 3 1_ r` :B , 3 1_ ` :B - 3 1_ rs` :B .@ 3 _ ` :B /@ 3 E F :B 0@ 3 + , :B 1@ 3   :B 2@ 3 :B 3 3 _  4 < *  I0.0*( 5 <tp *  I1.0*( 6 <<*_  I2.0*(:B 7 3  ~ :B 8 3  %& :B 9 3  :B : 3  rs :B ; 3  ~r  < 6 ]  UNight 1800-0600*(R = s *]7R > s *;R ? s *#R @ s *hR A s *l#R B s *V'R C s *SR D s *qS R E s *)W  R F s */ R G s * R H s *| ? 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